Refinement, Reduction, and Replacement (3R) Strategies in Preclinical Testing of Medical Devices.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Devices and Radiological Health (FDA/CDRH) has recently published several in vivo test guidance documents that mention refinements, reductions, or replacement animal testing strategies to facilitate the leveraging of data from large animal safety tests for conventional rodent testing. In response to the recently enacted Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act Section 907, which facilitates expedited access to novel therapies commonly described as Breakthrough Therapy Designation, FDA/CDRH has discussed efficient regulatory strategies for first-in-human investigation, including early feasibility study guidance. Large gains in humane care and translational research could also be attained by examples in FDA's Guidance for the Use of International Organization for Standardization 10993-1, which states that large animal safety studies may be considered as replacement rodent tests if the scientific principles, methods, and end points (SPME) are considered and applied. This article discusses SPME for the replacement of conventional rodent testing by the inclusion and integration of clinical, diagnostic, and pathologic data obtained from well-designed large animal studies. The recommendations include consideration for study designs that utilize methods for an overall more comprehensive interrogation of animal systems.