Arnav Kumar1, Olivia Y Hung1, Marina Piccinelli2, Parham Eshtehardi1, Michel T Corban3, David Sternheim1, Boyi Yang4, Adrien Lefieux5, David S Molony1, Elizabeth W Thompson1, Wenjie Zeng1, Yasir Bouchi1, Sonu Gupta1, Hossein Hosseini1, Mohamad Raad1, Yi-An Ko6, Chang Liu1, Michael C McDaniel1, Bill D Gogas1, John S Douglas1, Arshed A Quyyumi1, Don P Giddens7, Alessandro Veneziani4, Habib Samady8. 1. Andreas Gruentzig Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. 2. Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. 3. Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota. 4. Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. 5. Andreas Gruentzig Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. 6. Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. 7. Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. 8. Andreas Gruentzig Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. Electronic address: hsamady@emory.edu.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the relationship between low wall shear stress (WSS) and severe endothelial dysfunction (EDFx). BACKGROUND: Local hemodynamic forces such as WSS play an important role in atherogenesis through their effect on endothelial cells. The study hypothesized that low WSS independently predicts severe EDFx in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: Forty-four patients with CAD underwent coronary angiography, fractional flow reserve, and endothelial function testing. Segments with >10% vasoconstriction after acetylcholine (Ach) infusion were defined as having severe EDFx. WSS, calculated using 3-dimensional angiography, velocity measurements, and computational fluid dynamics, was defined as low (<1 Pa), intermediate (1 to 2.5 Pa), or high (>2.5 Pa). RESULTS: Median age was 52 years, 73% were women. Mean fractional flow reserve was 0.94 ± 0.06. In 4,510 coronary segments, median WSS was 3.67 Pa. A total of 24% had severe EDFx. A higher proportion of segments with low WSS had severe EDFx (71%) compared with intermediate WSS (22%) or high WSS (23%) (p < 0.001). Segments with low WSS demonstrated greater vasoconstriction in response to Ach than did intermediate or high WSS segments (-10.7% vs. -2.5% vs. +1.3%, respectively; p < 0.001). In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, female sex (odds ratio [OR]: 2.44; p = 0.04), diabetes (OR: 5.01; p = 0.007), and low WSS (OR: 9.14; p < 0.001) were independent predictors of severe EDFx. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with nonobstructive CAD, segments with low WSS demonstrated more vasoconstriction in response to Ach than did intermediate or high WSS segments. Low WSS was independently associated with severe EDFx.
OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the relationship between low wall shear stress (WSS) and severe endothelial dysfunction (EDFx). BACKGROUND: Local hemodynamic forces such as WSS play an important role in atherogenesis through their effect on endothelial cells. The study hypothesized that low WSS independently predicts severe EDFx in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: Forty-four patients with CAD underwent coronary angiography, fractional flow reserve, and endothelial function testing. Segments with >10% vasoconstriction after acetylcholine (Ach) infusion were defined as having severe EDFx. WSS, calculated using 3-dimensional angiography, velocity measurements, and computational fluid dynamics, was defined as low (<1 Pa), intermediate (1 to 2.5 Pa), or high (>2.5 Pa). RESULTS: Median age was 52 years, 73% were women. Mean fractional flow reserve was 0.94 ± 0.06. In 4,510 coronary segments, median WSS was 3.67 Pa. A total of 24% had severe EDFx. A higher proportion of segments with low WSS had severe EDFx (71%) compared with intermediate WSS (22%) or high WSS (23%) (p < 0.001). Segments with low WSS demonstrated greater vasoconstriction in response to Ach than did intermediate or high WSS segments (-10.7% vs. -2.5% vs. +1.3%, respectively; p < 0.001). In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, female sex (odds ratio [OR]: 2.44; p = 0.04), diabetes (OR: 5.01; p = 0.007), and low WSS (OR: 9.14; p < 0.001) were independent predictors of severe EDFx. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with nonobstructive CAD, segments with low WSS demonstrated more vasoconstriction in response to Ach than did intermediate or high WSS segments. Low WSS was independently associated with severe EDFx.
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