A L Kristjansson1, J P Allegrante2, I D Sigfusdottir3. 1. Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA; Icelandic Center for Social Research and Analysis, Reykjavik University, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland. Electronic address: alkristjansson@hsc.wvu.edu. 2. Icelandic Center for Social Research and Analysis, Reykjavik University, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, 10027, NY, USA; Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, 10032, NY, USA. 3. Icelandic Center for Social Research and Analysis, Reykjavik University, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, 10027, NY, USA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The objective is to assess perceived parental reactions to cigarette smoking, vaping, drunkenness, and marijuana use among cigarette smokers, vapers, and those who neither smoke nor vape (non-users). STUDY DESIGN: It is a population-based, cross-sectional, school survey with all accessible 13- to 16-year-old students in Iceland (response rate: 84.1%). METHODS: Data were analyzed in Mplus using multinomial logistic regression for categorical data with maximum likelihood and robust standard errors, adjusting for potential school clustering. RESULTS: Across all four outcome categories and controlling for background factors, non-users were more likely than vapers and smokers to perceive their parental reactions to substance use as negative (P < 0.01). Vapers were significantly more likely than smokers to perceive their parental reactions as negative toward all types of substance use (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent smokers, vapers, and non-users appear to form a sequential risk gradient toward perceived parental reactions to substance use, with smokers being least likely to perceive their parental reactions as negative and vapers thereafter; non-users are most likely to perceive their parental reactions toward substance use as negative.
OBJECTIVES: The objective is to assess perceived parental reactions to cigarette smoking, vaping, drunkenness, and marijuana use among cigarette smokers, vapers, and those who neither smoke nor vape (non-users). STUDY DESIGN: It is a population-based, cross-sectional, school survey with all accessible 13- to 16-year-old students in Iceland (response rate: 84.1%). METHODS: Data were analyzed in Mplus using multinomial logistic regression for categorical data with maximum likelihood and robust standard errors, adjusting for potential school clustering. RESULTS: Across all four outcome categories and controlling for background factors, non-users were more likely than vapers and smokers to perceive their parental reactions to substance use as negative (P < 0.01). Vapers were significantly more likely than smokers to perceive their parental reactions as negative toward all types of substance use (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent smokers, vapers, and non-users appear to form a sequential risk gradient toward perceived parental reactions to substance use, with smokers being least likely to perceive their parental reactions as negative and vapers thereafter; non-users are most likely to perceive their parental reactions toward substance use as negative.