Neurotoxic effects of organophosphorus pesticides and possible association with neurodegenerative diseases in man: A review.

In this article the neurotoxic disorders appearing in patients exposed to organophosphorus pesticides and known mechanisms involved are reviewed. Organophosphorus compounds cause four main neurotoxic effects in humans: the cholinergic syndrome, the intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder. Compared to the cholinergic syndrome, that causes millions of cases of poisoning with fatality of more than 15% each year, other disorders involve much smaller number of patients. Possible link of exposure to organophosphorus pesticides with neurodegenerative diseases, dementia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and Parkinson's disease in man is also approached. This article is focused on neurotoxic disorders appearing after acute and chronic exposure to organophosphates with emphasis on molecular mechanisms, clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and possibilities for prevention/medical treatment.