Shizuko Takahashi1, Josephine Johnston2, Pasquale Patrizio3. 1. Department of Biomedical Ethics and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. shizukotakahashi1205@gmail.com. 2. The Hastings Center, Garrison, NY, USA. 3. Yale Fertility Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.