Trine Tetlie Eik-Nes1,2,3, S Bryn Austin4,5,6,7, Aaron J Blashill8,9, Stuart B Murray10, Jerel P Calzo4,5,11,12. 1. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University for Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. 2. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University for Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. 3. Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Trøndelag, Norway. 4. Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. 5. Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. 6. Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. 7. The Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. 8. Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California. 9. San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, California. 10. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California. 11. Division of Health Promotion & Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California. 12. Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, California.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to estimate prospective associations of drive for muscularity measured in 2013 and related health outcomes (depressive symptoms, overeating, binge eating, purging, binge drinking, and use of muscle-building products [e.g., creatine and steroids]) measured in 2014. METHOD: The data come from a U.S. national large prospective cohort study, the Growing Up Today Study (GUTS) and included 2,460 males aged 18-32 years. Muscularity concerns were assessed with The Drive for Muscularity Scale (item responses ranging from 1 = Never to 6 = Always), which measures the degree of the respondents' preoccupation with increasing their muscularity. RESULTS: Gay and bisexual males presented with higher drive for muscularity compared to heterosexual males (β = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.17, 0.43, p < .0001). Prospective analysis using generalized estimating equations indicated that each unit increase in drive for muscularity was associated with increased odds of exhibiting significant depressive symptoms (OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.05-1.44, p = .01), binge drinking (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.02-1.45, p = .03), dieting (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.35, p = .04), and use of muscle-building products (OR = 4.49, 95% CI = 3.74, 5.40, p < .0001). DISCUSSION: The drive for muscularity appears to be relatively prevalent across adolescence and early adulthood in males and is associated with broad and substantial health consequences. Muscularity-oriented concerns should be carefully considered when assessing and treating males with body image dissatisfaction.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to estimate prospective associations of drive for muscularity measured in 2013 and related health outcomes (depressive symptoms, overeating, binge eating, purging, binge drinking, and use of muscle-building products [e.g., creatine and steroids]) measured in 2014. METHOD: The data come from a U.S. national large prospective cohort study, the Growing Up Today Study (GUTS) and included 2,460 males aged 18-32 years. Muscularity concerns were assessed with The Drive for Muscularity Scale (item responses ranging from 1 = Never to 6 = Always), which measures the degree of the respondents' preoccupation with increasing their muscularity. RESULTS: Gay and bisexual males presented with higher drive for muscularity compared to heterosexual males (β = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.17, 0.43, p < .0001). Prospective analysis using generalized estimating equations indicated that each unit increase in drive for muscularity was associated with increased odds of exhibiting significant depressive symptoms (OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.05-1.44, p = .01), binge drinking (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.02-1.45, p = .03), dieting (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.35, p = .04), and use of muscle-building products (OR = 4.49, 95% CI = 3.74, 5.40, p < .0001). DISCUSSION: The drive for muscularity appears to be relatively prevalent across adolescence and early adulthood in males and is associated with broad and substantial health consequences. Muscularity-oriented concerns should be carefully considered when assessing and treating males with body image dissatisfaction.
Authors: Jason M Nagata; Stuart B Murray; Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo; Andrea K Garber; Deborah Mitchison; Scott Griffiths Journal: Int J Eat Disord Date: 2019-06-20 Impact factor: 4.861
Authors: Jason M Nagata; Vivienne M Hazzard; Kyle T Ganson; S Bryn Austin; Dianne Neumark-Sztainer; Marla E Eisenberg Journal: Prev Med Rep Date: 2022-03-22