Circular RNAs Biogenesis in Eukaryotes Through Self-Cleaving Hammerhead Ribozymes.

Circular DNAs are frequent genomic molecules, especially among the simplest life beings, whereas circular RNAs have been regarded as weird nucleic acids in biology. Now we know that eukaryotes are able to express circRNAs, mostly derived from backsplicing mechanisms, and playing different biological roles such as regulation of RNA splicing and transcription, among others. However, a second natural and highly efficient pathway for the expression in vivo of circRNAs has been recently reported, which allows the accumulation of abundant small (100-1000 nt) non-coding RNA circles through the participation of small self-cleaving RNAs or ribozymes called hammerhead ribozymes. These genome-encoded circRNAs with ribozymes seem to be a new family of small and nonautonomous retrotransposable elements of plants and animals (so-called retrozymes), which will offer functional clues to the biology and evolution of circular RNA molecules as well as new biotechnological tools in this emerging field.