Lise L Kurtzhals1,2, Sidse K Nørgaard1,2, Anna L Secher1,2, Vibeke L Nichum1,2, Helle Ronneby3, Ann Tabor4,5, H David McIntyre1,5,6, Peter Damm1,4,5, Elisabeth Reinhardt Mathiesen7,8,9. 1. Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark. 2. Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. 3. Nutrition Unit, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. 4. Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 5. Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. 6. Mater Clinical Unit and Mater Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. 7. Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark. elisabeth.reinhardt.mathiesen@regionh.dk. 8. Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. elisabeth.reinhardt.mathiesen@regionh.dk. 9. Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. elisabeth.reinhardt.mathiesen@regionh.dk.
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: We aimed to investigate the impact of maternal gestational weight gain (GWG) during dietary treatment on fetal growth in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes (GDM). METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of 382 women consecutively diagnosed with GDM before 34 weeks' gestation with live singleton births in our centre (Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark) between 2011 and 2017. The women were stratified into three groups according to restricted (53%), appropriate (16%) and excessive (31%) weekly GWG during dietary treatment (using the Institute of Medicine guidelines) to estimate compliance with an energy-restricted 'diabetes diet' (6000 kJ/day [1434 kcal/day], with approximately 50% of energy intake coming from carbohydrates with a low glycaemic index, and a carbohydrate intake of 175 g/day). Insulin therapy was initiated if necessary, according to local clinical guidelines. RESULTS: Glucose tolerance, HbA1c, weekly GWG before dietary treatment (difference between weight at GDM diagnosis and pre-pregnancy weight, divided by the number of weeks) and SD score for fetal abdominal circumference were comparable across the three groups at diagnosis of GDM at 276 ± 51 weeks (gestation time is given as weeksdays). The women were followed for 100 ± 51 weeks, during which 54% received supplementary insulin therapy and the average (mean) GWG during dietary treatment was 0 kg, 3 kg and 5 kg in the three groups, respectively. Excessive weekly GWG during dietary treatment, reflecting poor dietary adherence was associated with increasing HbA1c (p = 0.014) from diagnosis of GDM to late pregnancy and infants with a birthweight-SD score of 0.59 ± 1.6. In contrast, restricted weekly GWG during dietary treatment, reflecting strict dietary adherence, was associated with decreasing HbA1c (p = 0.001) from diagnosis of GDM to late pregnancy and infants with a birthweight-SD score of 0.15 ± 1.1, without increased prevalence of infants born small for gestational age. Excessive GWG during dietary treatment and late-pregnancy HbA1c were identified as potentially modifiable clinical predictors of infant birthweight-SD score (p = 0.02 for both variables) after correction for confounders. CONCLUSIONS/ INTERPRETATION: Restricted GWG during dietary treatment was associated with healthier fetal growth in women with GDM. GWG during dietary treatment and late-pregnancy HbA1c were identified as potentially modifiable clinical predictors of infant birthweight-SD score.
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: We aimed to investigate the impact of maternal gestational weight gain (GWG) during dietary treatment on fetal growth in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes (GDM). METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of 382 women consecutively diagnosed with GDM before 34 weeks' gestation with live singleton births in our centre (Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark) between 2011 and 2017. The women were stratified into three groups according to restricted (53%), appropriate (16%) and excessive (31%) weekly GWG during dietary treatment (using the Institute of Medicine guidelines) to estimate compliance with an energy-restricted 'diabetes diet' (6000 kJ/day [1434 kcal/day], with approximately 50% of energy intake coming from carbohydrates with a low glycaemic index, and a carbohydrate intake of 175 g/day). Insulin therapy was initiated if necessary, according to local clinical guidelines. RESULTS:Glucose tolerance, HbA1c, weekly GWG before dietary treatment (difference between weight at GDM diagnosis and pre-pregnancy weight, divided by the number of weeks) and SD score for fetal abdominal circumference were comparable across the three groups at diagnosis of GDM at 276 ± 51 weeks (gestation time is given as weeksdays). The women were followed for 100 ± 51 weeks, during which 54% received supplementary insulin therapy and the average (mean) GWG during dietary treatment was 0 kg, 3 kg and 5 kg in the three groups, respectively. Excessive weekly GWG during dietary treatment, reflecting poor dietary adherence was associated with increasing HbA1c (p = 0.014) from diagnosis of GDM to late pregnancy and infants with a birthweight-SD score of 0.59 ± 1.6. In contrast, restricted weekly GWG during dietary treatment, reflecting strict dietary adherence, was associated with decreasing HbA1c (p = 0.001) from diagnosis of GDM to late pregnancy and infants with a birthweight-SD score of 0.15 ± 1.1, without increased prevalence of infants born small for gestational age. Excessive GWG during dietary treatment and late-pregnancy HbA1c were identified as potentially modifiable clinical predictors of infant birthweight-SD score (p = 0.02 for both variables) after correction for confounders. CONCLUSIONS/ INTERPRETATION: Restricted GWG during dietary treatment was associated with healthier fetal growth in women with GDM. GWG during dietary treatment and late-pregnancy HbA1c were identified as potentially modifiable clinical predictors of infant birthweight-SD score.
Authors: Lene R Nielsen; Pia Ekbom; Peter Damm; Charlotte Glümer; Merete M Frandsen; Dorte M Jensen; Elisabeth R Mathiesen Journal: Diabetes Care Date: 2004-05 Impact factor: 19.112
Authors: Caroline A Crowther; Janet E Hiller; John R Moss; Andrew J McPhee; William S Jeffries; Jeffrey S Robinson Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 2005-06-12 Impact factor: 91.245
Authors: Tine D Clausen; Elisabeth R Mathiesen; Torben Hansen; Oluf Pedersen; Dorte M Jensen; Jeannet Lauenborg; Peter Damm Journal: Diabetes Care Date: 2007-11-13 Impact factor: 19.112
Authors: Mark B Landon; Catherine Y Spong; Elizabeth Thom; Marshall W Carpenter; Susan M Ramin; Brian Casey; Ronald J Wapner; Michael W Varner; Dwight J Rouse; John M Thorp; Anthony Sciscione; Patrick Catalano; Margaret Harper; George Saade; Kristine Y Lain; Yoram Sorokin; Alan M Peaceman; Jorge E Tolosa; Garland B Anderson Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 2009-10-01 Impact factor: 91.245