Levels of persistent toxic substances in different biochars and their potential ecological risk assessment.

This study investigated the levels of persistent toxic substances, such as 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Σ16PAHs) and heavy metals (Cu, As, Cd, Zn, Pb, Ni, Mo, and Cr) in biochars produced from crop residues (walnut shell, corn cob, corn straw, rice straw, and rice husk) at different heat treatment temperatures (HTTs, 250, 400, and 600 °C). The levels of Σ16PAHs in different biochars were 0.47-7.11 mg kg-1, with naphthalene and phenanthrene contributing the most. The Σ16PAHs had the positive correlations with H/C and (O + N)/C, but had negative correlations with biochar surface areas. This finding indicates the increasing hydrophobic π-π interactions between the PAHs and the aromatic sheets of biochars and even the trapping of PAHs within the micropores with the increase of HTTs. The levels of heavy metals in rice residue-derived biochars were significantly higher than those in other biochars. The heavy metals had positive correlations with ash contents in the biochars, indicating the enrichment of heavy metals in the ash. The potential ecological risks of PAHs and heavy metals (dosage: 1%, w/w; frequency: 1) were minimal according to the risk quotient of negligible concentrations (RQNCs: 2.50-47.40, << 800) and maximum permissible concentrations (RQMPCs: 0.02-0.48, << 1) for PAHs and the potential ecological risk indexes (PERI: 0.01-0.28, << 150) for heavy metals.