Meghan B Azad1,2,3, Lorena Vehling4,2, Deborah Chan4,2, Annika Klopp4,2, Nathan C Nickel2,5, Jonathan M McGavock4,2, Allan B Becker4,2, Piushkumar J Mandhane6, Stuart E Turvey7,8, Theo J Moraes9, Mark S Taylor3,10, Diana L Lefebvre11, Malcolm R Sears11, Padmaja Subbarao9. 1. Departments of Pediatrics and Child Health and meghan.azad@umanitoba.ca. 2. Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network, (DEVOTION) Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. 3. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, United Kingdom. 4. Departments of Pediatrics and Child Health and. 5. Community Health Sciences, Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. 6. Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. 7. Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute and British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada. 8. Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 9. Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. 10. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Care and Social Work, University of Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia; and. 11. Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Studies addressing breastfeeding and obesity rarely document the method of breast milk feeding, type of supplementation, or feeding in hospital. We investigated these practices in the CHILD birth cohort. METHODS: Feeding was reported by mothers and documented from hospital records. Weight and BMI z scores (BMIzs) were measured at 12 months. Analyses controlled for maternal BMI and other confounders. RESULTS: Among 2553 mother-infant dyads, 97% initiated breastfeeding, and the median breastfeeding duration was 11.0 months. Most infants (74%) received solids before 6 months. Among "exclusively breastfed" infants, 55% received some expressed breast milk, and 27% briefly received formula in hospital. Compared with exclusive direct breastfeeding at 3 months, all other feeding styles were associated with higher BMIzs: adjusted β: +.12 (95% confidence interval [CI]: .01 to .23) for some expressed milk, +.28 (95% CI: .16 to .39) for partial breastfeeding, and +.45 (95% CI: .30 to .59) for exclusive formula feeding. Brief formula supplementation in hospital did not alter these associations so long as exclusive breastfeeding was established and sustained for at least 3 months. Formula supplementation by 6 months was associated with higher BMIzs (adjusted β: +.25; 95% CI: .13 to .38), whereas supplementation with solid foods was not. Results were similar for weight gain velocity. CONCLUSIONS: Breastfeeding is inversely associated with weight gain velocity and BMI. These associations are dose dependent, partially diminished when breast milk is fed from a bottle, and substantially weakened by formula supplementation after the neonatal period.
OBJECTIVES: Studies addressing breastfeeding and obesity rarely document the method of breast milk feeding, type of supplementation, or feeding in hospital. We investigated these practices in the CHILD birth cohort. METHODS: Feeding was reported by mothers and documented from hospital records. Weight and BMI z scores (BMIzs) were measured at 12 months. Analyses controlled for maternal BMI and other confounders. RESULTS: Among 2553 mother-infant dyads, 97% initiated breastfeeding, and the median breastfeeding duration was 11.0 months. Most infants (74%) received solids before 6 months. Among "exclusively breastfed" infants, 55% received some expressed breast milk, and 27% briefly received formula in hospital. Compared with exclusive direct breastfeeding at 3 months, all other feeding styles were associated with higher BMIzs: adjusted β: +.12 (95% confidence interval [CI]: .01 to .23) for some expressed milk, +.28 (95% CI: .16 to .39) for partial breastfeeding, and +.45 (95% CI: .30 to .59) for exclusive formula feeding. Brief formula supplementation in hospital did not alter these associations so long as exclusive breastfeeding was established and sustained for at least 3 months. Formula supplementation by 6 months was associated with higher BMIzs (adjusted β: +.25; 95% CI: .13 to .38), whereas supplementation with solid foods was not. Results were similar for weight gain velocity. CONCLUSIONS: Breastfeeding is inversely associated with weight gain velocity and BMI. These associations are dose dependent, partially diminished when breast milk is fed from a bottle, and substantially weakened by formula supplementation after the neonatal period.
Authors: Myrtha E Reyna-Vargas; Arpita Parmar; Diana L Lefebvre; Meghan B Azad; Allan B Becker; Stuart E Turvey; Theo J Moraes; Wendy Lou; Padmaja Subbarao; Malcolm R Sears; Piushkumar J Mandhane; Indra Narang Journal: Nat Sci Sleep Date: 2022-07-05
Authors: Sarah A Keim; Katie Smith; Taniqua Ingol; Rui Li; Kelly M Boone; Reena Oza-Frank Journal: Breastfeed Med Date: 2019-06-18 Impact factor: 1.817
Authors: Michelle W Katzow; Mary Jo Messito; Alan L Mendelsohn; Marc A Scott; Rachel S Gross Journal: Acad Pediatr Date: 2021-05-28 Impact factor: 3.107
Authors: Myrtha E Reyna; Charisse Petersen; Darlene L Y Dai; Ruixue Dai; Allan B Becker; Meghan B Azad; Kozeta Miliku; Diana L Lefebvre; Theo J Moraes; Piushkumar J Mandhane; Rozlyn C T Boutin; B Brett Finlay; Elinor Simons; Anita L Kozyrskyj; Wendy Lou; Stuart E Turvey; Padmaja Subbarao Journal: Int J Obes (Lond) Date: 2022-04-15 Impact factor: 5.551
Authors: Jasmine F Plows; Paige K Berger; Roshonda B Jones; Tanya L Alderete; Chloe Yonemitsu; Julia A Najera; Sadaf Khwajazada; Lars Bode; Michael I Goran Journal: J Nutr Date: 2021-04-08 Impact factor: 4.687