Thomas M Moehlman1, Jacco A de Zwart1, Miranda G Chappel-Farley1, Xiao Liu2, Irene B McClain3, Catie Chang4, Hendrik Mandelkow1, Pinar S Özbay1, Nicholas L Johnson1, Rebecca E Bieber5, Katharine A Fernandez6, Kelly A King5, Christopher K Zalewski5, Carmen C Brewer5, Peter van Gelderen1, Jeff H Duyn1, Dante Picchioni7. 1. Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, USA. 2. Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, USA. 3. Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, USA. 4. Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, USA. 5. Audiology Unit, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, USA. 6. Section on Sensory Cell Biology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, USA. 7. Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, USA; Section on Neuroadaptation and Protein Metabolism, National Institute of Mental Health, USA. Electronic address: dante.picchioni@nih.gov.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sleep studies have been hampered by the difficulty of obtaining extended amounts of sleep in the sleep-adverse environment of the scanner and often have resorted to manipulations such as sleep depriving subjects before scanning. These manipulations limit the generalizability of the results. NEW METHOD: The current study is a methodological validation of procedures aimed at obtaining all-night fMRI data in sleeping subjects with minimal exposure to experimentally induced sleep deprivation. Specifically, subjects slept in the scanner on two consecutive nights, allowing the first night to serve as an adaptation night. RESULTS/COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S): Sleep scoring results from simultaneously acquired electroencephalography data on Night 2 indicate that subjects (n = 12) reached the full spectrum of sleep stages including slow-wave (M = 52.1 min, SD = 26.5 min) and rapid eye movement (REM, M = 45.2 min, SD = 27.9 min) sleep and exhibited a mean of 2.1 (SD = 1.1) nonREM-REM sleep cycles. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that by diligently applying fundamental principles and methodologies of sleep and neuroimaging science, performing all-night fMRI sleep studies is feasible. However, because the two nights of the study were performed consecutively, some sleep deprivation from Night 1 as a cause of the Night 2 results is likely, so consideration should be given to replicating the current study with a washout period. It is envisioned that other laboratories can adopt the core features of this protocol to obtain similar results. Published by Elsevier B.V.
BACKGROUND: Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sleep studies have been hampered by the difficulty of obtaining extended amounts of sleep in the sleep-adverse environment of the scanner and often have resorted to manipulations such as sleep depriving subjects before scanning. These manipulations limit the generalizability of the results. NEW METHOD: The current study is a methodological validation of procedures aimed at obtaining all-night fMRI data in sleeping subjects with minimal exposure to experimentally induced sleep deprivation. Specifically, subjects slept in the scanner on two consecutive nights, allowing the first night to serve as an adaptation night. RESULTS/COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S): Sleep scoring results from simultaneously acquired electroencephalography data on Night 2 indicate that subjects (n = 12) reached the full spectrum of sleep stages including slow-wave (M = 52.1 min, SD = 26.5 min) and rapid eye movement (REM, M = 45.2 min, SD = 27.9 min) sleep and exhibited a mean of 2.1 (SD = 1.1) nonREM-REM sleep cycles. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that by diligently applying fundamental principles and methodologies of sleep and neuroimaging science, performing all-night fMRI sleep studies is feasible. However, because the two nights of the study were performed consecutively, some sleep deprivation from Night 1 as a cause of the Night 2 results is likely, so consideration should be given to replicating the current study with a washout period. It is envisioned that other laboratories can adopt the core features of this protocol to obtain similar results. Published by Elsevier B.V.
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