Perioperative Evaluation and Optimization of Patients at Risk of Cardiac Complications for Non-Cardiac Surgery.

Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) are some of the most common complications occurring in the perioperative period. Even though traditionally more focus has been on the patient with ischemic disease other cardiac conditions pose a greater risk. The risk is related to both patient-specific and surgical factors. Patients with significant cardiac disease undergoing vascular or major surgery may have up to a 10% risk of major morbidity and mortality. Identifying modifiable risks and intervening pre-, intra- and postoperatively can improve outcomes.