Acute Kidney Injury After Cardiac Surgery: A Narrative Review of the Literature.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious complication of cardiac surgery. It is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. On a population level, the financial impact and overall incremental annual index hospitalization costs associated with AKI exceed $1 billion in the United States alone. The pathogenesis is multifaceted and complex. Although novel biomarkers may be useful in detecting AKI at an earlier stage, treatment of AKI remains elusive. Prevention of AKI is still key to the management of AKI, and strategies include maintenance of renal perfusion and avoidance of nephrotoxins and blood transfusion-related insults. Dialysis in severe AKI is established, but the optimal modality and dose remains an area of ongoing research. This narrative review assesses the pathophysiology of AKI, role of biomarkers, risk assessment, and management in cardiac surgical patients.