A Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomic Analysis of the Proteins Secreted by Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Liquid chromatography using a tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) is a method of proteomic analysis. A shotgun analysis by LC-MS/MS comprehensively identifies proteins from tissues and cells with high resolution. The hepatic function of mice with acute hepatitis following the intraperitoneal administration of CCL4 was improved by the tail vein administration of the culture conditional medium (CM) of human mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue (hMSC-AT). In this study, a secreted protein expression analysis of hMSC-AT was performed using LC-MS/MS; 128 proteins were identified. LC-MS/MS showed that 106 new functional proteins and 22 proteins (FINC, PAI1, POSTN, PGS2, TIMP1, AMPN, CFAH, VIME, PEDF, SPRC, LEG1, ITGBL, ENOA, CSPG2, CLUS, IBP4, IBP7, PGS1, IBP2, STC2, CTHR1, CD9) were previously reported in hMSC-AT-CMs. In addition, various proteins associated with growth (SAP, SEM7A, PTK7); immune system processes (CO1A2, CO1A1, CATB, TSP1, GAS6, PTX3, C1 S, SEM7A, G3P, PXDN, SRCRL, CD248, SPON2, ENPP2, CD109, CFAB, CATL1, MFAP5, MIF, CXCL5, ADAM9, CATK); and reproduction (MMP2, CATB, FBLN1, SAP, MFGM, GDN, CYTC) were identified in hMSC-AT-CMs. These results indicate that a comprehensive expression analysis of proteins by LC-MS/MS is useful for investigating new factors associated with cellular components, biological processes, and molecular functions.

Introduction

The clinical application of liver cell therapy using stem cells has great significance. The liver can develop acute hepatitis or chronic liver failure due to the influence of factors such as drugs, xenobiotics, and viruses. Eventually, chronic hepatitis and fibrosis develop and the ability to regenerate hepatocytes is lost[1]. At present, the only effective treatment is liver transplantation; however, liver transplantation is associated with problems such as rejection and limitation of donors. Thus, alternative approaches are necessary, and stem cells are attracting attention as a therapeutic approach. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent an outstanding candidate stem cell for clinical treatment. MSCs have been collected from various organs, including the bone marrow (BM)[2], cord blood[3], placenta[4]. and adipose tissue (AT)[5,6]. Currently, attention is being given to adipose tissue as a source of MSCs for regenerative medicine[5-7]. Adipose tissue contains large amounts of MSCs (adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs)) and is considered to be a useful source of cells for clinical application because of its fast proliferation and high cellular activity.

In recent years, treatment methods using conditional medium of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-CM) have been reported[8-11]. Because the culture supernatant does not contain cellular components, there is a high possibility that they will have clinical applications because of the extremely low risk of complications (i.e. pulmonary embolism) associated with the administration of cells in the blood and canceration of the administered cells. Proteins are important components in the regulation of cellular functions such as cell proliferation, cell death, and the immune function, and in the induction of differentiation. Thus, proteomic analyses, which detect the expression of protein, are considered to be a powerful tool for analyzing the system biology and exploring the active factors in MSC-CMs.

Liquid chromatography by tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is an analytical chemistry technique that combines the physical separation capability of liquid chromatography (or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)) and the mass spectrometric ability of mass spectrometry[12]. MS involves a mass separation step; the ionized component is detected as it is. In soft ionization methods such as electrospray ionization (ESI)[13-15], molecular weight-related ions are mainly detected (mass spectrum). In tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), specific ions are first selected by a mass separator (MS1). In addition, the fragmentation of ions occurs due to the collision of ions with inert gas. The fragment ions obtained are separated and detected by a second mass separator (MS2) (product ion spectrum). Molecular weight-related ions are mainly detected by MS, and precursor ions and product ions are detected by MS/MS. LC-MS/MS allows for the identification of proteins fragmented into peptides by trypsin. Our protocol was based on the bottom-up strategy of a proteomic MS analysis. Enzymatic digestion was carried out using the Filter Aided Sample Preparation (FASP) method with trypsin as protease[16]. The peptide mixture was treated with ZipTip and then on-line coupled nano-liquid chromatography (nano LC) was performed using an Orbitrap Elite Hybrid Mass Spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Tokyo, Japan). In addition, an on-line LC-MS/MS system for quantitative proteomics based on data-dependent protein IDs and shotgun-based quantitative proteomics methods was used.

This study was performed to identify functional protein components in the conditional medium of human mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue (hMSC-AT-CM) using LC-MS/MS. The identification of the secreted protein components of hMSC-AT and protein components with therapeutic effects is expected to be useful for future cell therapy.

Materials and Methods

Reagents

The MSCGM-CD™ Mesencymal Stem Cell Growth Medium BulletKit™ was obtained from Lonza (Basel, Switzerland). hMSC-ATs (46-year-old Caucasian female) (PromoCell, Heidelberg, Germany) were cultured. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was obtained from BioWest (Nuaille, France). D-MEM/Ham’s F-12 medium was obtained from Wako (Osaka, Japan). Plastic dishes were obtained from TPP (Trasadingen, Switzerland). All other materials used were of the highest commercial grade.

Flow Cytometry

Cell flow cytometry was performed using a NovoCyte® Flow Cytometer (ACEA Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, hMSC-ATs (1 × 105 cells) were mixed into 0.5 mL of Perfusion Solution (CORNING, Manassas, VA, USA). Each antibody (1/100 of the volume) was added to the cell admixture, which was then incubated on ice for 30 minutes. After washing the cells with Brilliant Stain Buffer (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) measurement was carried out. The following primary antibodies were used: APC Mouse Anti-Human CD29, BV421 Mouse Anti-Human CD44, BV421 Mouse IgG2b κ Isotype Control, APC Mouse IgG1 κ Isotype Control (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA); FITC anti-human CD90 (Thy1) Antibody, FITC Mouse IgG1 κ Isotype Ctrl Antibody, PerCP anti-human CD34 Antibody, PerCP Mouse IgG1 κ Isotype Ctrl Antibody, PE/Cy7 anti-human CD45 Antibody, and PE/Cy7 Mouse IgG1 κ Isotype Ctrl Antibody (BioLegend, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA).

Animal Care

All experimental protocols were in accordance with the guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals set by Research Laboratory Center, Faculty of Medicine and the Institute for Animal Experiments, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus (Okinawa, Japan). The experimental protocol was approved by the Committee on Animal Experiments of University of the Ryukyus (permit number: A2017101). C57BL/6 male mice (8-week-old; Japan SLC, Shizuoka, Japan) were maintained under controlled temperature (23 ± 2°C) and light conditions (lights on from 08:30–20:30). Animals were fed standard rodent chow pellets with ad libitum access to water. All efforts were made to minimize the suffering of the animals.

Preparation of the Mouse Model of Acute Liver Failure

Carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) (Wako 035-01273) diluted with olive oil (Wako 150-00276) was administered intraperitoneally (0.5 mL/kg) to 8-week-old C57BL/6 male mice as a mouse model of acute liver failure. Nine mice each were used for both treated and control animals. At 4 h after the administration of CCL4, 20-fold concentrated culture supernatant was administered via the mouse tail vein (100 μl of PBS and hMSC-AT-CM solution was administered via the mouse tail vein). Blood and liver tissues were sampled at 24 h after the administration of CCL4. Under anesthesia, approximately 500 μL of blood was collected from the descending aorta using a 1 mL syringe (22 G injection needle) passed through heparin, centrifuged (150 g, 30 min, 4°C) after the coagulation, 100 μL of blood was obtained. Four hundred microliters of physiological saline were added to 100 μL of serum and diluted, and the blood components were analyzed (commissioned to SRL). The liver was fixed in formalin after sampling and HE staining was performed after the preparation of tissue sections. Fragmented DNA generated during apoptosis was detected by a TdT-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay to identify apoptotic cells in the liver tissue. TUNEL staining was performed using the In Situ Apoptosis Detection kit (Takara Bio Inc., Shiga, Japan) and visualized using DAB as the chromogen. The Ki67 protein present in the nucleus of cells in G1, S, G2, M cycles (cell growth phase) was detected by using immunostaining in order to identify cells in the growth phase in liver tissue. The reagent Histofine Simple Stain MAX PO (Rubbit) (NICHIRE BIOSCIENCES INC., Tokyo, Japan) and anti-Ki67 antibody (ab 15580) (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) were used.

Preparations of hMSC-AT-CMs for Animal Studies and the Analysis of the Protein Expression by LC-MS/MS

The hMSCs used in this study are limited to three to five passages in order to match the cell nature with clinically used hMSCs. Two milliliters of DMEM/F12 medium was added to hMSC-AT (1 × 106 cells) and cultured for 48 h to prepare hMSC-AT-CMs; this was concentrated to 1/20 of the original volume using a 10 k filter, 100 μL was injected per mouse. The 20-fold concentrated hMSC-AT-CM was serous and successfully passed through a 32 G injection needle (Fig. 1(a)). Two milliliters of clinical Xeno-free medium (MSCGM-CD mesenchymal stem cell BulletKit [Lonza]) was added to hMSC-AT (1 × 106 cells) and cultured for 48 h to prepare hMSC-AT-CMs and then concentrated to 1/20 of the original volume using a 10 k filter, after which the component proteins were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Twenty-fold concentrated hMSC-AT-CM was subjected to LC-MS/MS. If the medium’s albumin concentration is high, the accuracy of a protein analysis decreases. Thus, after washing these cells with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), they were cultured in albumin-free medium and the resulting culture supernatant was used for this study (Fig. 1(b)). One hundred twenty-eight proteins were identified from the hMSC-AT-CM samples; the identified proteins are listed in Table 1. In this study, DMEM/F12 (containing 0% FBS) was used to prepare hMSC-AT-CMs to be administered to mice, due to the difficulty of accurately observing the therapeutic effect of hMSC-AT-secreted protein when the protein component of clinical Xeno-free medium rich in growth factor proteins is concentrated.

Fig. 1.

Illustration of the preparation of conditional medium for hMSC-AT. (a) The procedure for administering 100 μL hMSC-AT-CM concentrate to the tail vein of the mouse. (b) The procedure for preparing the hMSC-AT-CM concentrate for the LC-MS/MS analysis.

Table 1.

Details of the hMSC-AT Secreted Protein Identified.

UniProt/SWISS- PROT ID	Description	Protein scorea	Protein mass (kDa)	pIb	Num. of matchesc	Num. of significant matchesd	Num. of sequencese	Num. of significant sequencesf	Num. of unique sequencesg	Sequence coverageh	emPAIi
FINC_HUMAN	Fibronectin	17,045	262,460	5.46	1127	667	120	99	53	0.67	7.1
BGH3_HUMAN	Transforming growth factor-beta-induced protein ig-h3	5287	74,634	7.62	161	135	26	18	26	0.61	2.83
CO6A1_HUMAN	Collagen alpha-1(VI) chain	4997	108,462	5.26	168	126	33	25	33	0.49	1.83
CO6A3_HUMAN	Collagen alpha-3(VI) chain	4217	343,457	6.26	224	169	85	66	85	0.41	1.32
CO1A2_HUMAN	Collagen alpha-2(I) chain	3164	129,235	9.08	209	129	51	38	46	0.63	2.65
PAI1_HUMAN	Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1	2264	45,031	6.68	95	59	19	12	19	0.56	2.64
FSTL1_HUMAN	Follistatin-related protein 1	1973	34,963	5.39	50	38	13	10	13	0.53	2.69
POSTN_HUMAN	Periostin	1936	93,255	7.27	146	83	41	32	41	0.62	4.49
MMP2_HUMAN	72 kDa type IV collagenase	1619	73,835	5.26	106	66	25	23	15	0.65	3.35
CO1A1_HUMAN	Collagen alpha-1(I) chain	1576	138,857	5.6	206	87	36	28	27	0.44	1.47
FBN1_HUMAN	Fibrillin-1	1557	312,022	4.81	95	54	46	27	43	0.29	0.44
FBN2_HUMAN	Fibrillin-2	1479	314,558	4.73	106	54	55	25	52	0.38	0.4
CATB_HUMAN	Cathepsin B	1327	37,797	5.88	46	31	12	9	12	0.56	2.35
LAMB1_HUMAN	Laminin subunit beta-1	1302	197,909	4.83	62	43	29	19	29	0.35	0.5
PGS2_HUMAN	Decorin	1223	39,722	8.75	28	18	9	4	9	0.36	0.69
CO6A2_HUMAN	Collagen alpha-2(VI) chain	1144	108,512	5.85	79	56	23	14	23	0.32	0.78
LTBP1_HUMAN	Latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 1	1125	186,673	5.63	77	53	31	21	22	0.31	0.71
TSP1_HUMAN	Thrombospondin-1	1023	129,300	4.71	56	39	22	14	20	0.28	0.68
TIMP1_HUMAN	Metalloproteinase inhibitor 1	961	23,156	8.46	58	43	7	6	7	0.54	2.48
AMPN_HUMAN	Aminopeptidase N	896	109,471	5.31	23	17	10	5	10	0.17	0.21
CO3A1_HUMAN	Collagen alpha-1(III) chain	868	138,479	6.21	57	30	24	14	22	0.24	0.57
CFAH_HUMAN	Complement factor H	790	139,005	6.21	41	28	20	15	20	0.3	0.57
LTBP2_HUMAN	Latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 2	765	194,923	5.06	54	28	26	15	26	0.26	0.38
CO5A1_HUMAN	Collagen alpha-1(V) chain	664	183,447	4.94	32	19	12	6	11	0.12	0.15
LG3BP_HUMAN	Galectin-3-binding protein	640	65,289	5.13	29	21	10	7	10	0.32	0.56
LAMC1_HUMAN	Laminin subunit gamma-1	590	177,489	5.01	54	31	28	15	28	0.3	0.42
MFAP2_HUMAN	Microfibrillar-associated protein 2	579	20,812	4.86	11	10	3	3	3	0.21	0.81
VIME_HUMAN	Vimentin	531	53,619	5.06	36	16	14	7	14	0.37	0.86
PCOC1_HUMAN	Procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer 1	522	47,942	7.41	47	23	17	11	17	0.63	1.84
COBA1_HUMAN	Collagen alpha-1(XI) chain	513	180,954	5.06	26	16	12	4	11	0.17	0.12
PEDF_HUMAN	Pigment epithelium-derived factor	497	46,283	5.97	15	13	9	7	9	0.3	0.88
SPRC_HUMAN	SPARC	435	34,610	4.73	40	25	13	9	6	0.63	2.32
GAS6_HUMAN	Growth arrest-specific protein 6	433	79,625	5.84	19	12	9	5	9	0.24	0.3
LEG1_HUMAN	Galectin-1	420	14,706	5.34	12	11	3	3	3	0.32	1.31
OLFL3_HUMAN	Olfactomedin-like protein 3	390	45,981	6.17	24	14	10	6	10	0.36	0.72
PTX3_HUMAN	Pentraxin-related protein PTX3	381	41,949	4.94	33	21	12	10	12	0.42	1.7
LAMA2_HUMAN	Laminin subunit alpha-2	364	343,684	6.01	39	13	27	8	27	0.17	0.1
ITGBL_HUMAN	Integrin beta-like protein 1	361	53,884	5.39	24	15	14	9	14	0.38	1.01
AEBP1_HUMAN	Adipocyte enhancer-binding protein 1	361	130,847	5.05	9	7	5	4	5	0.07	0.14
CO5A2_HUMAN	Collagen alpha-2(V) chain	355	144,821	6.07	18	10	9	4	8	0.12	0.12
FBLN1_HUMAN	Fibulin-1	352	77,162	5.07	20	12	13	9	6	0.29	0.63
ENOA_HUMAN	Alpha-enolase	350	47,139	7.01	13	10	3	3	3	0.13	0.3
FBLN5_HUMAN	Fibulin-5	341	50,147	4.58	22	13	9	6	9	0.34	0.94
LUM_HUMAN	Lumican	311	38,405	6.16	35	12	11	5	11	0.37	0.72
DKK3_HUMAN	Dickkopf-related protein 3	290	38,365	4.59	9	8	4	4	4	0.25	0.54
CO4A2_HUMAN	Collagen alpha-2(IV) chain	285	167,449	8.89	11	8	4	3	4	0.05	0.08
CSPG2_HUMAN	Versican core protein	282	372,590	4.43	24	11	17	9	17	0.1	0.11
SRPX_HUMAN	Sushi repeat-containing protein SRPX	279	51,538	8.98	25	14	14	8	14	0.48	0.91
C1S_HUMAN	Complement C1 s subcomponent	272	76,635	4.86	27	13	14	8	14	0.35	0.55
ECM1_HUMAN	Extracellular matrix protein 1	268	60,635	6.25	39	16	17	9	17	0.41	0.86
NID1_HUMAN	Nidogen-1	248	136,291	5.12	35	18	19	11	17	0.26	0.4
SAP_HUMAN	Prosaposin	242	58,074	5.06	18	12	10	4	10	0.28	0.33
SEM7A_HUMAN	Semaphorin-7A	229	74,776	7.57	21	12	15	10	15	0.37	0.85
CLUS_HUMAN	Clusterin	225	52,461	5.89	9	7	4	3	4	0.18	0.27
LYOX_HUMAN	Protein-lysine 6-oxidase	224	46,915	8.36	18	13	8	4	8	0.3	0.56
QSOX1_HUMAN	Sulfhydryl oxidase 1	209	82,526	9.13	18	8	8	6	8	0.18	0.36
G3P_HUMAN	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	196	36,030	8.57	8	6	6	5	6	0.34	0.78
TICN1_HUMAN	Testican-1	184	49,092	5.74	12	8	9	6	9	0.34	0.66
EMIL1_HUMAN	EMILIN-1	177	106,601	5.07	9	5	7	4	7	0.15	0.17
WISP2_HUMAN	WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 2	168	26,807	8.32	11	4	5	2	5	0.35	0.36
TFPI1_HUMAN	Tissue factor pathway inhibitor	164	34.992	8.61	24	3	2	1	2	0.13	0.13
PXDN_HUMAN	Peroxidasin homolog	164	165,170	6.79	18	6	10	4	10	0.12	0.11
PGBM_HUMAN	Basement membrane-specific heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein	159	468,532	6.06	22	7	11	4	11	0.06	0.04
IBP4_HUMAN	Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4	149	27,915	6.81	16	6	10	5	10	0.52	1.1
VASN_HUMAN	Vasorin	145	71,668	7.16	8	7	4	4	4	0.09	0.26
GPNMB_HUMAN	Transmembrane glycoprotein NMB	141	63,882	6.17	5	4	2	1	2	0.06	0.07
SRCRL_HUMAN	Soluble scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain-containing protein SSC5D	140	165,639	5.71	26	3	4	1	4	0.04	0.03
FBLN3_HUMAN	EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 1	138	54,604	4.95	21	9	10	4	10	0.32	0.36
PLTP_HUMAN	Phospholipid transfer protein	137	54,705	6.53	8	4	4	2	4	0.16	0.16
PROF1_HUMAN	Profilin-1	135	15,045	8.44	5	4	3	2	3	0.31	0.72
IBP7_HUMAN	Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7	134	29,111	8.25	12	7	5	3	5	0.3	0.53
PGS1_HUMAN	Biglycan	133	41,628	7.16	10	4	6	3	6	0.27	0.35
NUCB1_HUMAN	Nucleobindin-1	124	53,846	5.15	20	5	14	4	14	0.45	0.36
CD44_HUMAN	CD44 antigen	119	81,487	5.13	8	4	3	1	3	0.08	0.05
AGRIN_HUMAN	Agrin	114	217,092	6.01	10	4	7	4	7	0.09	0.08
MFGM_HUMAN	xLactadherin	111	43,095	8.47	16	6	6	3	6	0.2	0.34
RCN1_HUMAN	Reticulocalbin-1	111	38,866	4.86	3	2	1	1	1	0.06	0.11
FAM3C_HUMAN	Protein FAM3C	109	24,665	8.52	3	3	1	1	1	0.07	0.18
CATZ_HUMAN	Cathepsin Z	108	33,846	6.7	6	4	4	3	4	0.25	0.44
PDIA1_HUMAN	Protein disulfide-isomerase	106	57,081	4.76	5	4	3	2	3	0.14	0.16
IBP2_HUMAN	Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2	104	34,791	7.48	7	4	5	3	5	0.27	0.43
TPP1_HUMAN	Tripeptidyl-peptidase 1	103	61,210	6.01	3	2	2	1	2	0.08	0.07
GDN_HUMAN	Glia-derived nexin	99	43,974	9.35	16	5	8	4	8	0.28	0.46
CD248_HUMAN	Endosialin	93	80,807	5.18	5	4	3	3	3	0.09	0.17
SPON2_HUMAN	Spondin-2	92	35,824	5.35	26	8	12	7	12	0.44	1.25
MARCS_HUMAN	Myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate	91	31,536	4.47	3	2	2	1	2	0.1	0.3
LAMA1_HUMAN	Laminin subunit alpha-1	90	336,867	5.93	17	3	11	3	11	0.08	0.04
SERPH_HUMAN	Serpin H1	90	46,411	8.75	15	5	6	2	6	0.2	0.2
PLOD1_HUMAN	Procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 1	84	83,497	6.47	12	4	9	3	9	0.18	0.16
CO4A1_HUMAN	Collagen alpha-1(IV) chain	80	160,514	8.55	7	2	6	2	6	0.1	0.05
GOLM1_HUMAN	Golgi membrane protein 1	79	45,306	4.91	10	4	6	2	6	0.19	0.2
ENPP2_HUMAN	Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 2	78	98,930	7.14	11	6	8	4	8	0.17	0.18
LAMA4_HUMAN	Laminin subunit alpha-4	77	202,397	5.89	15	3	11	3	11	0.11	0.06
TARSH_HUMAN	Target of Nesh-SH3	77	118,569	9.48	7	3	6	2	6	0.08	0.07
PTK7_HUMAN	Inactive tyrosine-protein kinase 7	75	118,317	6.67	3	2	3	2	3	0.04	0.07
SAP3_HUMAN	Ganglioside GM2 activator	73	20,825	5.17	6	3	3	2	3	0.4	0.48
CD109_HUMAN	CD109 antigen	72	161,587	5.59	12	1	6	1	6	0.06	0.03
PAMR1_HUMAN	Inactive serine protease PAMR1	70	80,146	7.57	5	2	5	2	5	0.16	0.11
KPYM_HUMAN	Pyruvate kinase PKM	68	57,900	7.96	7	3	4	3	4	0.16	0.24
PTGDS_HUMAN	Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase	64	21,015	7.66	3	1	2	1	2	0.17	0.22
IBP6_HUMAN	Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 6	64	25,306	8.15	3	2	3	2	3	0.25	0.39

a Protein score is calculated from the score of the peptide attributed to the protein; b pI: (Predicted) isoelectric point.; c Number of matches is spectrum number matched to protein#1; d Number of significant matches is spectrum number that matches protein and exceeds the identification criteria; e Number of sequences is number of peptides matched to protein#2; f Number of significant sequences is number of peptides exceeding the identification criteria matched to proteins; h Sequence coverage is the ratio of the total number of matched peptide residues to the total length of the protein; I Exponentially Modified Protein Abundance Index (http://www.matrixscience.com/help/quant_empai_help.html).

Real-time PCR and RT-PCR

Five microliters of a cell admixture (concentration, 1 × 107 cells/ml) was collected. RNA was prepared for a qPCR using a SuperPrep Cell Lysis and RT kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Toyobo Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan). Quick Taq HS DyeMix was used according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Toyobo Co., Ltd.). Real-time PCR analyses were performed using a LightCycler 96 Real-Time PCR system (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). The FastStart Essential DAN Green Master (Roche) was used according to the manufacturer’s instructions. An RT-PCR was performed using a GeneAtlas 482 thermal cycler (Astec Co., Ltd., Fukuoka, Japan). Images were recorded using an Aplegen® Omega Lum C (Gel Company, San Francisco, CA, USA), and procedures were performed using the primers listed in Table 2.

Table 2.

Sequences of Primers used for the RT-PCR.

Gnens	GenBank number	Forward primer (5’-3’)	Reverse primer (5’-3’)	Product size (bp)
human CD29	NM_002211.3	CTGAAGACTATCCCATTGACCTCTA	GCTAATGTAAGGCATCACAGTCTTT	179
human CD34	NM_001025109.1	CCTGCTCTCTTGTAATGATATAGCC	GAGACTAGAACTGAGCTGTTTGTCC	227
human CD44	NM_000610.3	ACTAGTGTTCAAGTGCCTCTTGTTT	GCCTCTTTTTGGGAATATCTAGAAG	227
human CD45	NM_001267798.1	TTCTTAGGGTAACAGAGGAGGAAAT	ACAAATACTTCTGTGTCCAGAAAGG	167
human HGF	NM_000601.5	ACAGTCATAGCTGAAGTAAGTGTGT	GCAGGATACATGGTGAAGAGAAATG	511
human SCAI	NM_001144877.2	CTTCACTCGTATTGCTGTGTCTCTA	GCATTGCACGTATTTACTATCCTCT	183
human VEGFA	NM_001025366.2	AAGTGGTGAAGTTCATGGATGTCTA	AAGTACGTTCGTTTAACTCAAGCTG	558
human GAPDH	NM_001256799.2	AGAAGTATGACAACAGCCTCAAGAT	CCAAATTCGTTGTCATACCAGGAAA	544

Preparation of hMSC-AT

hMSC-ATs (46-year-old Caucasian female) were cultured (37°C, 5% CO2) on a coated 100-mm culture plate (TPP 93100). The passage of cells was performed every 3 to 4 days after reaching 80% confluence after sowing the cells. The cells were washed with PBS (calcium, magnesium-free), and hMSC-ATs were dissociated using a dissociation solution. Subculturing was carried out by plating on uncoated 100-mm culture plate. An MSCGM-CD mesenchymal stem cell BulletKit (Lonza 00190632) was used for the culture medium. Trypsin/EDTA (Lonza CC-3232) was used for the dissociation solution.

Preparation of Culture Supernatant

hMSC-ATs were cultured on a 100 mm culture plate using an MSCGM-CD mesenchymal stem cell BulletKit (the number of cells was 3 × 106/plate) until reaching 80% confluence. The cells were cultured for 24 h in D-MEM/Ham’s F-12 medium (Wako 4230795) containing 10% FBS, after which the cells were washed with PBS (calcium, magnesium-free); 2 ml of D-MEM/Ham’s F-12 medium was then added to 1 × 106 cells and the cells were cultured for 48 h. After 48 h, the culture supernatant was aspirated with a pipette and centrifuged (1500 g, 30 minutes, 4°C) to remove the cells. After the centrifugation of the medium, the supernatant was concentrated 20 times using Amicon Ultra-15, PLGC Ultracell-PL membrane, 10 kDa (UFC901008) (MERCK, Kenilworth, NJ, USA) and a concentrated solution of culture supernatant was obtained.

Protein Identification by a Nano LC-MS/MS Analysis

A protein solution of 2066 μg/ml was obtained from the concentrated solution of culture supernatant. Finally, 0.4 μg of protein was used for nanoLC-MS/MS. The samples were analyzed via nano LC using an UltiMate 3000 RSLC nano system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Tokyo, Japan) at the Support Center for Advanced Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School by Ikuko Sagawa. In brief, protein-containing solutions were reduced with 10 mM DTT/8 M urea and Tris buffer containing 2 mM EDTA (pH 8.5), alkylated with 25 mM iodoacetamide/8 M Urea and Tris buffer containing 2 mM EDTA (pH 8.5), subsequently diluted with trypsin (pig-derived trypsin) and digested overnight at 37°C. Peptides were purified and concentrated by solid-phase extraction (SPE) in ZipTip µC18 pipette tips (Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany). Nano LC-MS/MS was carried out using an UltiMate 3000 RSLC nano system. The reconstituted peptides were injected into an Acclaim PepMap C18 trap column (75 μm × 15 cm, 2 μm, C18) (Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany). Solvent A was 0.1% formic acid. Solvent B was 80% acetonitrile/0.08% formic acid. The peptides were eluted in a 229-min gradient of 4% solvent B in solvent A to 90% solvent B in solvent A at 300 nl/min. Orbitrap Elite’s ionization method was set to Nanoflow-LC ESI, positive, and the capillary voltage was set to 1.7 kV. Tandem mass spectrometry was performed using the Proteome Discoverer software program, version 1.4 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Tokyo, Japan). Charge stated deconvolution and deisotoping were not performed.

Data Analyses

Database Searching

All raw data were searched against the SwissProt 2016-07 database using the Mascot 2.5.1 software program (Matrix Science, London, UK) (unknown version, 551705 entries). The peptide tolerance was set to 10 ppm, and the MS/MS tolerance was set to 0.6 Da. The false discovery rates (FDRs) were calculated for each of the samples using the following formula: FDR = (Ndecoy/Nreal+NDecoy) × 100. This is an indication of the percentage of the random or “false” peptide identifications in the raw data. The relative abundance of the proteins identified by LC-MS/MS was estimated by determining the protein abundance index (PAI) and the exponentially modified protein abundance index (emPAI). Visualized and validated complex LC-MS/MS proteomics experiments were performed using Scaffold (version 4.7.3, Proteome Software Inc., Portland, OR, USA – http://www.proteomesoftware.com/) to compare samples in order to identify biological relevance.

The Criteria for Protein Identification

The Scaffold software program was used to validate the MS/MS-based peptide and protein identifications. Peptide identifications were accepted if they could be established at > 46.0% probability to achieve an FDR of < 1.0% by the Scaffold Local FDR algorithm. Protein identifications were accepted if they could be established at > 5.0% probability to achieve an FDR of < 1.0% and contained at least 2 identified peptides. Protein probabilities were assigned by the Protein Prophet algorithm[17]. Proteins that contained similar peptides and could not be differentiated based on MS/MS alone were grouped to satisfy the principles of parsimony. Proteins that shared significant peptide evidence were grouped into clusters. A protein GO analysis was performed using the GO analysis function of the Scaffold 4 software program with imported data (goa_uniprot_all.gaf [downloaded 2016/10/14]) from the external GO Annotation Source database.

Results

The Characteristics and Cell Quality of hMSC-ATs

hMSC-ATs were cultured to an 80% confluent state using Clinical Xeno-free medium. We observed the absence of abnormalities in cell size, shape, and culture state with a normal microscope (Fig. 2(a)). Flow cytometry was performed using markers of hMSC-AT (CD 29, CD 44), hematopoietic stem cells (CD 34), and leukocytes (CD 45). Markers of CD29 and CD44 were expressed in hMSC-AT, while the expression of CD34 and CD45 was not detected (Fig. 2(b)). The expression of hMSC-AT markers (CD29, CD44), hematopoietic stem cells (CD34), and leukocytes (CD45) was examined by real-time PCR. CD29 and CD44 were expressed by hMSC-AT, while the expression of CD34 and CD45 was not detected (Fig. 2(c)). The PCR method was used to examine the mRNA expression levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a suppressor of cancer cell invasion (SCAI) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) expressed in hMSC-AT. (Fig. 2(d)). hMSC-AT-CM was prepared using DMEM/F12 medium. Prior to concentrating hMSC-AT-CM to 1/20 using a 10 k filter, the protein concentration was measured using an ELISA (Fig. 1(a)). The expression of hMSC-AT secreted proteins was examined by an ELISA (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), which revealed that hMSC-AT secreted VEGFA proteins into the culture medium (control group: < 20 [N.D] ± 0.00 pg/ml, n = 3; hMSC group: 886.67 ± 28.93 pg/ml, n = 3) (Fig. 2(e)). hMSC-AT have been reported to secrete HGF9. In our experiments, we could not show the measurement because the detection limit of the ELISA (Otuka, Tokyo, Japan) to detect HGF (0.3 ng/ml) was high (control group: < 0.3 [N.D] ± 0.00 ng/ml, n = 3; hMSC group: < 0.3 ± 0.00 ng/ml, n = 3). We induced differentiation into adipocytes (Fig. 2(f), upper panels) and osteoblasts (Fig. 2(f), lower panel) using hMSC-AT. Mature adipocytes were stained with Oil Red O and mature osteoblasts were stained with alkaline phosphatase (Fig. 2(f), right panel). hMSC-ATs were cultured in three wells of a six-well plate. Adipocytes stained red with Oil Red O staining in all three wells and osteoblasts stained blue with alkaline phosphatase staining in all three wells were confirmed with a normal microscope.

Fig. 2.

The phenotype and differentiation potential of hMSC-AT in culture. (a) The morphological appearance of hMSC-AT on day 3. (b) The results of flow cytometry of the cell surface markers of hMSC-AT. (c) The results of real-time PCR to detect cell surface markers of hMSC-AT. The expression was calculated using the ΔΔCt method. The expression of the target gene was corrected by the expression of the housekeeping gene. The relative values are indicated. n = 1. (d) The results of an RT-PCR to evaluate the growth factor and cell surface markers mRNA expression of hMSC-AT. (e) The results of an ELISA to evaluate the growth factor protein expression of hMSC-AT-CM. (f) Representative images of adipocyte and osteocyte differentiation of hMSC-AT cultured in growth or differentiation medium.

hMSC-AT-CM Improves the Liver Function of Mice with Acute Liver Failure

CCL4 was intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered to mice to induce hepatic cell damage and model mice were prepared. The upper part of the photo shows the liver histology at 24 h after the administration of CCL4. The hepatocytes of the centrilobular region showed necrotic change. However, when hMSC-AT-CM was injected into the tail vein at 4 h after the administration of CCL4, the number of necrotic cells was reduced. Cells in the growth phase (shown in the panels of Ki67) and apoptotic cells (shown in the panels of the TUNEL assay) of liver tissue sections were detected. In mouse liver administered hMSC-AT-CM, the number of apoptotic cells widely observed in liver tissues was reduced by CCL4 administration. Furthermore, the apoptotic cells were localized to the interlobular vein in liver tissues treated with hMSC-AT-CM. Cells in the growth phase were observed around the cells showing apoptosis due to the administration of CCL4 (Fig. 3(a), left and middle panels). However, cells in the growth phase were uniformly observed in liver tissues treated with hMSC-AT-CM. Ki67 was expressed only in the nucleus, and cells in the proliferation phase had brown-stained nuclei. Mouse hepatocytes in the group treated with hMSC-AT-CM showed more nuclear-stained cells than those in the group treated with PBS, thus indicating that hMSC-AT-CM promoted hepatocyte proliferation (Fig. 3(a), right panel). We also counted the number of positively stained cells in images of TUNNEL-stained sections (× 100). The numbers of positively stained cells in the PBS and CM groups were 15.25 ± 3.96 and 10.00 ± 5.07, respectively (n = 4; P = 0.18) (Fig. 3(a), middle panels). We also counted the number of cells with positively stained nuclei on images of Ki67-stained sections (× 100). The numbers of cells with positively stained nuclei in the PBS and CM groups were 10.25 ± 4.23 and 90.75 ± 38.42, respectively (n = 4; ** P < 0.01) (Fig. 3(a), right panels). These results indicate that hMSC-AT-CM rapidly recovered because of the generation of new viable cells as the older cells died due to CCL4 administration (Fig. 3(a)).

Fig. 3.

The culture supernatant concentrate significantly improved the symptoms of acute liver failure caused by the administration of CCL4. (a) Micrographic image of H&E staining (left panel), TUNEL assay (middle panels) and tissue immunostaining of Ki67 (right panel) of liver specimens. Scale bar = 200 μm. (b) In the group to which the culture supernatant concentrate was administered, the total bilirubin (95%), AST (74%), ALT (57%), LD (28%), and ALP (83%) decreased in comparison with the group to which PBS was administered. The decrease in the ALT, LD, and ALP values was significant (** P < 0.01, n = 9).

Our experiments show that the administration of MSC-AT-CM from a single vein rapidly promoted the cellular proliferation of mouse hepatocytes. The proteins associated with a growth function (GO analysis), identified by the presence of MSC-AT-CM, were POSTN, SAP, SEM7A, PTK7 (Table 3). Of course, it is not possible to explain the proliferative effect of hepatocytes based on the presence of four proteins. Periostin, which is encoded by the POSTIN gene, has been reported as an extracellular factor that promotes hepatosteatosis[18,19]; however, many points about proteins with the ability to promote the cellular proliferation of hepatocytes remain unclear. P component (SAP) is a protein that is expressed in hepatocytes and secreted into serum, and is known to be involved in processes associated with immune regulation, such as the action of opsonins[20]. Whether SAP is involved in the cellular proliferation of hepatocytes is unknown. Semaphorin 7A (SEM7A) is known to contribute to TGF-β mediated hepatic fibrosis[21]. It is unknown whether SEM7A promotes hepatocyte cell proliferation. Thus, future studies should investigate whether the growth-associated proteins that are newly identified by GO analyses promote the cellular proliferation of hepatocytes with CCL4-induced impairment. At approximately 10 days of gestation, during the development of the liver, the hematopoietic cells flow from the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region (AGM region) and placenta, and the liver begins to function as a hematopoietic organ[22]. It has been clarified that HGF and various extracellular matrices produced by non-parenchymal cells promote the differentiation of hepatoblasts into hepatocytes during this period[23]. In addition, a recent theory suggests that the biliary tree functions as a source of liver and pancreatic stem cells and progenitor cells. It is known that VEGF is secreted by the biliary tree due as a stress response[24]. From these developmental perspectives, it can be hypothesized that the HGF and VEGF secreted by MSC-AT-CMs have an extremely strong promoting effect on hepatocyte proliferation.

Table 3.

Biological Process.

UniProt/SWISS-PROT ID	Biological adhesion	Biological regulation	Cell killing	Cellular process	Developmental process	Establishment of localization	Growth	Immune system process	Localization	Locomotion	Metabolic process	Multi-organism process	Multicellular organismal process	Pigmentation	Reproduction	Reproductive process	Response to stimulus	Rhythmic process	Viral process
FINC_HUMAN	FINC	FINC		FINC	FINC	FINC		FINC	FINC	FINC	FINC		FINC				FINC
BGH3_HUMAN
CO6A1_HUMAN	CO6A1			CO6A1	CO6A1						CO6A1		CO6A1				CO6A1
CO6A3_HUMAN	CO6A3	CO6A3		CO6A3	CO6A3						CO6A3		CO6A3
CO1A2_HUMAN		CO1A2		CO1A2	CO1A2			CO1A2	CO1A2	CO1A2	CO1A2		CO1A2				CO1A2
PAI1_HUMAN		PAI1		PAI1	PAI1	PAI1			PAI1			PAI1	PAI1				PAI1	PAI1
FSTL1_HUMAN		FSTL1		FSTL1													FSTL1
POSTN_HUMAN	POSTN	POSTN		POSTN	POSTN		POSTN						POSTN				POSTN
MMP2_HUMAN		MMP2		MMP2	MMP2						MMP2	MMP2	MMP2		MMP2	MMP2	MMP2
CO1A1_HUMAN		CO1A1		CO1A1	CO1A1	CO1A1		CO1A1	CO1A1	CO1A1	CO1A1		CO1A1				CO1A1
FBN1_HUMAN	FBN1	FBN1		FBN1	FBN1				FBN1		FBN1		FBN1				FBN1
FBN2_HUMAN		FBN2		FBN2	FBN2				FBN2				FBN2
CATB_HUMAN		CATB		CATB	CATB			CATB			CATB	CATB	CATB		CATB	CATB	CATB		CATB
LAMB1_HUMAN	LAMB1	LAMB1		LAMB1	LAMB1				LAMB1	LAMB1			LAMB1
PGS2_HUMAN		PGS2		PGS2	PGS2						PGS2	PGS2	PGS2		PGS2	PGS2	PGS2
CO6A2_HUMAN	CO6A2			CO6A2							CO6A2		CO6A2				CO6A2
LTBP1_HUMAN		LTBP1	LTBP1	LTBP1					LTBP1				LTBP1				LTBP1
TSP1_HUMAN	TSP1	TSP1		TSP1	TSP1	TSP1		TSP1	TSP1	TSP1			TSP1				TSP1
TIMP1_HUMAN		TIMP1		TIMP1	TIMP1	TIMP1			TIMP1				TIMP1				TIMP1
AMPN_HUMAN
CO3A1_HUMAN	CO3A1	CO3A1		CO3A1	CO3A1						CO3A1		CO3A1				CO3A1
CFAH_HUMAN		CFAH						CFAH			CFAH						CFAH
LTBP2_HUMAN		LTBP2		LTBP2		LTBP2			LTBP2								LTBP2
CO5A1_HUMAN	CO5A1	CO5A1		CO5A1	CO5A1				CO5A1	CO5A1	CO5A1		CO5A1				CO5A1
LG3BP_HUMAN	LG3BP	LG3BP		LG3BP		LG3BP			LG3BP								LG3BP
LAMC1_HUMAN	LAMC1	LAMC1		LAMC1	LAMC1				LAMC1	LAMC1
MFAP2_HUMAN				MFAP2	MFAP2								MFAP2
VIME_HUMAN		VIME		VIME	VIME							VIME	VIME				VIME		VIME
PCOC1_HUMAN		PCOC1			PCOC1						PCOC1		PCOC1
COBA1_HUMAN				COBA1	COBA1						COBA1		COBA1				COBA1
PEDF_HUMAN		PEDF		PEDF	PEDF								PEDF		PEDF	PEDF	PEDF	PEDF
SPRC_HUMAN		SPRC		SPRC	SPRC	SPRC			SPRC			SPRC	SPRC				SPRC
GAS6_HUMAN	GAS6	GAS6		GAS6	GAS6	GAS6		GAS6		GAS6	GAS6	GAS6	GAS6				GAS6		GAS6
LEG1_HUMAN		LEG1		LEG1	LEG1			LEG1					LEG1				LEG1
OLFL3_HUMAN					OLFL3								OLFL3
PTX3_HUMAN		PTX3				PTX3		PTX3	PTX3			PTX3					PTX3
LAMA2_HUMAN	LAMA2	LAMA2		LAMA2	LAMA2					LAMA2			LAMA2				LAMA2
ITGBL_HUMAN
AEBP1_HUMAN		AEBP1		AEBP1	AEBP1						AEBP1		AEBP1
CO5A2_HUMAN		CO5A2		CO5A2	CO5A2						CO5A2		CO5A2				CO5A2
FBLN1_HUMAN		FBLN1		FBLN1	FBLN1						FBLN1	FBLN1	FBLN1		FBLN1	FBLN1	FBLN1		FBLN1
ENOA_HUMAN	ENOA	ENOA		ENOA							ENOA	ENOA					ENOA		ENOA
FBLN5_HUMAN	FBLN5	FBLN5		FBLN5		FBLN5			FBLN5
LUM_HUMAN		LUM		LUM	LUM						LUM		LUM				LUM
DKK3_HUMAN		DKK3		DKK3	DKK3								DKK3				DKK3
CO4A2_HUMAN		CO4A2		CO4A2	CO4A2						CO4A2		CO4A2				CO4A2
CSPG2_HUMAN	CSPG2			CSPG2	CSPG2				CSPG2	CSPG2	CSPG2		CSPG2				CSPG2
SRPX_HUMAN	SRPX	SRPX		SRPX		SRPX			SRPX		SRPX						SRPX
C1S_HUMAN		C1S						C1S			C1S						C1S
ECM1_HUMAN		ECM1	ECM1	ECM1	ECM1				ECM1				ECM1				ECM1
NID1_HUMAN	NID1	NID1		NID1	NID1								NID1
SAP_HUMAN		SAP		SAP	SAP	SAP	SAP		SAP		SAP		SAP		SAP	SAP	SAP
SEM7A_HUMAN		SEM7A		SEM7A	SEM7A		SEM7A	SEM7A	SEM7A	SEM7A			SEM7A				SEM7A
CLUS_HUMAN		CLUS		CLUS	CLUS	CLUS		CLUS	CLUS		CLUS	CLUS	CLUS				CLUS		CLUS
LYOX_HUMAN				LYOX	LYOX						LYOX		LYOX				LYOX
QSOX1_HUMAN		QSOX1		QSOX1		QSOX1			QSOX1		QSOX1
G3P_HUMAN		G3P		G3P				G3P			G3P						G3P
TICN1_HUMAN	TICN1	TICN1		TICN1	TICN1				TICN1	TICN1			TICN1				TICN1
EMIL1_HUMAN	EMIL1
WISP2_HUMAN	WISP2	WISP2		WISP2													WISP2
TFPI1_HUMAN		TFPI1		TFPI1							TFPI1	TFPI1	TFPI1				TFPI1
PXDN_HUMAN		PXDN		PXDN				PXDN			PXDN						PXDN
PGBM_HUMAN				PGBM	PGBM						PGBM		PGBM
IBP4_HUMAN		IBP4		IBP4	IBP4						IBP4		IBP4				IBP4
VASN_HUMAN	VASN	VASN		VASN													VASN
GPNMB_HUMAN	GPNMB	GPNMB		GPNMB	GPNMB					GPNMB			GPNMB				GPNMB
SRCRL_HUMAN		SRCRL			SRCRL	SRCRL		SRCRL	SRCRL			SRCRL	SRCRL				SRCRL
FBLN3_HUMAN		FBLN3		FBLN3	FBLN3						FBLN3		FBLN3				FBLN3
PLTP_HUMAN		PLTP		PLTP		PLTP			PLTP	PLTP			PLTP
PROF1_HUMAN	PROF1	PROF1		PROF1	PROF1								PROF1				PROF1
IBP7_HUMAN	IBP7	IBP7		IBP7	IBP7							IBP7	IBP7		IBP7	IBP7	IBP7
PGS1_HUMAN		PGS1		PGS1							PGS1		PGS1				PGS1
NUCB1_HUMAN		NUCB1															NUCB1
CD44_HUMAN	CD44
AGRIN_HUMAN		AGRIN		AGRIN	AGRIN				AGRIN		AGRIN		AGRIN				AGRIN
MFGM_HUMAN	MFGM	MFGM		MFGM	MFGM	MFGM			MFGM		MFGM	MFGM	MFGM		MFGM	MFGM			MFGM
RCN1_HUMAN					RCN1								RCN1
FAM3C_HUMAN				FAM3C	FAM3C	FAM3C			FAM3C				FAM3C
CATZ_HUMAN		CATZ		CATZ	CATZ	CATZ			CATZ		CATZ		CATZ
PDIA1_HUMAN		PDIA1		PDIA1							PDIA1						PDIA1
IBP2_HUMAN		IBP2		IBP2	IBP2						IBP2	IBP2	IBP2		IBP2	IBP2	IBP2
TPP1_HUMAN		TPP1		TPP1	TPP1						TPP1		TPP1				TPP1
GDN_HUMAN		GDN		GDN	GDN	GDN			GDN			GDN	GDN		GDN	GDN	GDN
CD248_HUMAN		CD248		CD248	CD248			CD248	CD248	CD248			CD248
SPON2_HUMAN	SPON2	SPON2		SPON2	SPON2	SPON2		SPON2	SPON2	SPON2		SPON2	SPON2				SPON2		SPON2
MARCS_HUMAN		MARCS
LAMA1_HUMAN	LAMA1	LAMA1		LAMA1													LAMA1
SERPH_HUMAN		SERPH		SERPH	SERPH						SERPH		SERPH				SERPH
PLOD1_HUMAN		PLOD1		PLOD1	PLOD1				PLOD1		PLOD1		PLOD1				PLOD1
CO4A1_HUMAN
GOLM1_HUMAN		GOLM1		GOLM1
ENPP2_HUMAN		ENPP2		ENPP2		ENPP2		ENPP2	ENPP2	ENPP2	ENPP2						ENPP2
LAMA4_HUMAN	LAMA4	LAMA4		LAMA4
TARSH_HUMAN		TARSH		TARSH
PTK7_HUMAN	PTK7	PTK7		PTK7	PTK7		PTK7		PTK7	PTK7	PTK7		PTK7				PTK7
SAP3_HUMAN		SAP3		SAP3		SAP3			SAP3		SAP3		SAP3
CD109_HUMAN		CD109		CD109	CD109			CD109					CD109
PAMR1_HUMAN
KPYM_HUMAN	KPYM			KPYM
PTGDS_HUMAN		PTGDS		PTGDS		PTGDS			PTGDS		PTGDS						PTGDS
IBP6_HUMAN		IBP6		IBP6							IBP6						IBP6
PROTID	adhesion	regulation	killing	process	process	localization	growth	process	localization	locomotion	process	process	organismalprocess	pigmentation	reproduction	process	stimulus	process	process
STC2_HUMAN		STC2		STC2	STC2							STC2	STC2		STC2	STC2	STC2
F180A_HUMAN
CFAB_HUMAN		CFAB						CFAB									CFAB
CSTN1_HUMAN	CSTN1	CSTN1
VAS1_HUMAN		VAS1		VAS1		VAS1			VAS1								VAS1
FBLN4_HUMAN
CATL1_HUMAN		CATL1		CATL1				CATL1			CATL1		CATL1				CATL1
CAB45_HUMAN
CTHR1_HUMAN		CTHR1		CTHR1	CTHR1				CTHR1	CTHR1			CTHR1				CTHR1
MFAP5_HUMAN				MFAP5	MFAP5			MFAP5					MFAP5
CD59_HUMAN		CD59		CD59		CD59			CD59				CD59				CD59
MIF_HUMAN		MIF		MIF	MIF			MIF	MIF	MIF	MIF						MIF
CXCL5_HUMAN		CXCL5		CXCL5				CXCL5	CXCL5	CXCL5		CXCL5					CXCL5
ADAM9_HUMAN	ADAM9	ADAM9		ADAM9	ADAM9			ADAM9	ADAM9	ADAM9	ADAM9	ADAM9	ADAM9				ADAM9
S10AB_HUMAN	S10AB	S10AB		S10AB													S10AB
MA2A1_HUMAN		MA2A1		MA2A1	MA2A1						MA2A1		MA2A1
CATK_HUMAN		CATK		CATK				CATK			CATK		CATK				CATK
CAP1_HUMAN		CAP1		CAP1	CAP1	CAP1			CAP1	CAP1							CAP1
CYTC_HUMAN		CYTC		CYTC	CYTC						CYTC	CYTC	CYTC		CYTC	CYTC	CYTC	CYTC
MXRA8_HUMAN
CCD80_HUMAN		CCD80		CCD80
FBLN2_HUMAN	FBLN2
COR1C_HUMAN		COR1C		COR1C	COR1C	COR1C			COR1C	COR1C			COR1C				COR1C
NPC2_HUMAN		NPC2		NPC2		NPC2			NPC2		NPC2	NPC2					NPC2		NPC2
KNL1_HUMAN
CD9_HUMAN
CD14_HUMAN

Serum from the model mice was sampled and biochemically analyzed. The average value of each measurement was s as follows (correction was not made by diluting 100 μL of serum with 400 μL of physiological saline). Total bilirubin (PBS 0.04 ± 0.02, supernatant concentrate 0.03 ± 0.01 (unit mg/ml)), AST (PBS 2956 ± 1133, supernatant concentrate 2195 ± 1319 (unit IU/L)), ALT (PBS 2538 ± 663, supernatant concentrate 1448 ± 608 (unit IU/L)), LD (PBS 3574 ± 1873, supernatant concentrate 997 ± 572 (unit IU/L)), ALP (PBS 120 ± 15, supernatant concentrate 99 ± 18 (unit IU/L)). The serum liver injury markers (ALT, LD and ALP) were significantly reduced at 20 h after the administration of hMSC-AT-CM (Fig. 3(b)).

The Biological Processes, Cellular Components and Molecular Function of Proteins Identified from hMSC-AT-CM

The biological processes of proteins were analyzed using the Mascot software program with the SwissProt 2016 database.

In this study, a secreted protein expression analysis of hMSC-AT was performed using LC-MS/MS and 128 proteins were identified (Table 1). LC-MS/MS showed that 106 new functional proteins and 22 proteins (FINC, PAI1, POSTN, PGS2, TIMP1, AMPN, CFAH, VIME, PEDF, SPRC, LEG1, ITGBL, ENOA, CSPG2, CLUS, IBP4, IBP7, PGS1, IBP2, STC2, CTHR1, CD9) were previously reported in hMSC-AT-CMs. In addition, various proteins associated with growth (SAP, SEM7A, PTK7); immune system processes (CO1A2, CO1A1, CATB, TSP1, GAS6, PTX3, C1 S, SEM7A, G3P, PXDN, SRCRL, CD248, SPON2, ENPP2, CD109, CFAB, CATL1, MFAP5, MIF, CXCL5, ADAM9, CATK); and reproduction (MMP2, CATB, FBLN1, SAP, MFGM, GDN, CYTC) were identified in hMSC-AT-CMs.

Biological processes

FINC, CATB, TSP1, GAS6, SAP, SEM7A, SRCRL, MFGM, GDN, SPON2, PTK7, ADAM9 and CYTC all seemed to be widely involved in the function of hMSC-AT-CM under the classification of ‘biological processes’ (Table 3). FINC was distributed in sites such as those associated with the response to biological adhesion, biological regulation, cellular processes, the developmental process, the establishment of localization, the immune system process, localization, locomotion, the metabolic process, the multicellular organismal process, and response to stimulus. Collagen types I, V, VI and XII, and fibronectin (ECM components) were detected in hMSC-AT-CM by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry[25]. Fibronectin is a major ECM component that supports cell adhesion by presenting an integrin binding domain[26]. FINC in plasma is taken up by the fibrin clot during tissue injury, contributing to the platelet function and hemostasis. The cell’s FINC is then synthesized by the cells to reconstitute the damaged tissue[27]. CATB, TSP1, GAS6, SAP, SEM7A, SRCRL, MFGM, GDN, SPON2, PTK7, ADAM9 and CYTC were newly detected in hMSC-AT-CM. MFGM was distributed in sites such as those associated with the response to biological adhesion, biological regulation, cellular processes, the developmental process, the establishment of localization, localization, the metabolic process, multi-organism processes, multicellular organismal processes, reproduction, the reproductive process, and the viral process. Jang et al. presented a pathology model showing that MFGM inhibits hepatic fibrosis via the signal of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β[28] (Fig. 4a).

Fig. 4.

The biological processes, cellular components and molecular function of the hMSC-AT-CM proteins (as determined by GO). The PCA of proteome dynamics based on the protein information generated by high-resolution mass spectrometry. (a) The ordinate shows each protein’s biological function, and the abscissa indicates the proteins that were identified. The names of the proteins classified in Table 3 are listed by their abbreviated names. (b) The ordinate shows the name of each organelle, and the abscissa indicates the number of proteins identified. The names of the proteins classified in Table 4 are listed by their abbreviated names. (c) The ordinate shows each protein’s molecular function, and the abscissa indicates the proteins identified. The names of the proteins classified in Table 5 are listed by their abbreviated names.

Table 4.

Cellular Component.

UniProt/SWISS-PROTID	golgiapparatus	cytoplasm	cytoskeleton	endoplasmicreticulum	endosome	extracellularregion	intracellularorganelle	membrane	mitochondrion	nucleus	organellemembrane	organellepart	plasmamembrane	ribosome
FINC_HUMAN		FINC				FINC	FINC	FINC				FINC	FINC
BGH3_HUMAN	BGH3	BGH3				BGH3	BGH3	BGH3				BGH3	BGH3
CO6A1_HUMAN		CO6A1		CO6A1		CO6A1	CO6A1	CO6A1			CO6A1	CO6A1	CO6A1
CO6A3_HUMAN		CO6A3		CO6A3		CO6A3	CO6A3	CO6A3				CO6A3	CO6A3
CO1A2_HUMAN		CO1A2		CO1A2		CO1A2	CO1A2					CO1A2
PAI1_HUMAN		PAI1				PAI1	PAI1	PAI1				PAI1	PAI1
FSTL1_HUMAN						FSTL1
POSTN_HUMAN	POSTN	POSTN				POSTN	POSTN					POSTN
MMP2_HUMAN		MMP2				MMP2	MMP2	MMP2	MMP2	MMP2		MMP2	MMP2
CO1A1_HUMAN	CO1A1	CO1A1		CO1A1		CO1A1	CO1A1					CO1A1
FBN1_HUMAN						FBN1
FBN2_HUMAN						FBN2
CATB_HUMAN		CATB			CATB	CATB	CATB		CATB	CATB		CATB
LAMB1_HUMAN		LAMB1				LAMB1
PGS2_HUMAN	PGS2	PGS2				PGS2	PGS2					PGS2
CO6A2_HUMAN		CO6A2		CO6A2		CO6A2	CO6A2	CO6A2				CO6A2	CO6A2
LTBP1_HUMAN						LTBP1
TSP1_HUMAN		TSP1		TSP1		TSP1	TSP1	TSP1				TSP1	TSP1
TIMP1_HUMAN		TIMP1				TIMP1	TIMP1					TIMP1
AMPN_HUMAN		AMPN				AMPN	AMPN	AMPN			AMPN	AMPN	AMPN
CO3A1_HUMAN		CO3A1		CO3A1		CO3A1	CO3A1					CO3A1
CFAH_HUMAN						CFAH
LTBP2_HUMAN						LTBP2
CO5A1_HUMAN		CO5A1		CO5A1		CO5A1	CO5A1					CO5A1
LG3BP_HUMAN		LG3BP				LG3BP	LG3BP	LG3BP				LG3BP
LAMC1_HUMAN						LAMC1
MFAP2_HUMAN						MFAP2
VIME_HUMAN		VIME	VIME			VIME	VIME	VIME				VIME	VIME
PCOC1_HUMAN						PCOC1
COBA1_HUMAN		COBA1		COBA1		COBA1	COBA1					COBA1
PEDF_HUMAN		PEDF				PEDF	PEDF
SPRC_HUMAN		SPRC				SPRC	SPRC	SPRC	SPRC	SPRC	SPRC	SPRC	SPRC
GAS6_HUMAN	GAS6	GAS6		GAS6		GAS6	GAS6					GAS6
LEG1_HUMAN		LEG1				LEG1	LEG1			LEG1
OLFL3_HUMAN						OLFL3
PTX3_HUMAN						PTX3
LAMA2_HUMAN						LAMA2		LAMA2					LAMA2
ITGBL_HUMAN						ITGBL
AEBP1_HUMAN		AEBP1				AEBP1	AEBP1			AEBP1
CO5A2_HUMAN		CO5A2		CO5A2		CO5A2	CO5A2					CO5A2
FBLN1_HUMAN						FBLN1
ENOA_HUMAN		ENOA				ENOA	ENOA	ENOA		ENOA		ENOA	ENOA
FBLN5_HUMAN						FBLN5
LUM_HUMAN	LUM	LUM				LUM	LUM					LUM
DKK3_HUMAN						DKK3
CO4A2_HUMAN		CO4A2		CO4A2		CO4A2	CO4A2					CO4A2
CSPG2_HUMAN	CSPG2	CSPG2				CSPG2	CSPG2	CSPG2				CSPG2
SRPX_HUMAN		SRPX		SRPX			SRPX	SRPX
C1S_HUMAN						C1S
ECM1_HUMAN		ECM1				ECM1	ECM1					ECM1
NID1_HUMAN						NID1
SAP_HUMAN		SAP				SAP	SAP	SAP	SAP		SAP	SAP
SEM7A_HUMAN						SEM7A		SEM7A					SEM7A
CLUS_HUMAN	CLUS	CLUS		CLUS		CLUS	CLUS	CLUS	CLUS	CLUS	CLUS	CLUS
LYOX_HUMAN						LYOX	LYOX			LYOX
QSOX1_HUMAN	QSOX1	QSOX1				QSOX1	QSOX1	QSOX1			QSOX1	QSOX1
G3P_HUMAN		G3P	G3P			G3P	G3P	G3P		G3P	G3P	G3P	G3P
TICN1_HUMAN		TICN1				TICN1
EMIL1_HUMAN						EMIL1
WISP2_HUMAN						WISP2
TFPI1_HUMAN		TFPI1		TFPI1		TFPI1	TFPI1	TFPI1			TFPI1	TFPI1	TFPI1
PXDN_HUMAN		PXDN		PXDN		PXDN	PXDN
PGBM_HUMAN	PGBM	PGBM				PGBM	PGBM	PGBM				PGBM	PGBM
IBP4_HUMAN						IBP4
VASN_HUMAN		VASN				VASN	VASN	VASN	VASN		VASN	VASN	VASN
GPNMB_HUMAN		GPNMB					GPNMB	GPNMB					GPNMB
SRCRL_HUMAN		SRCRL				SRCRL		SRCRL
FBLN3_HUMAN						FBLN3
PLTP_HUMAN						PLTP
PROF1_HUMAN		PROF1	PROF1			PROF1	PROF1	PROF1		PROF1
IBP7_HUMAN						IBP7
PGS1_HUMAN	PGS1	PGS1				PGS1	PGS1	PGS1				PGS1	PGS1
NUCB1_HUMAN	NUCB1	NUCB1	NUCB1	NUCB1	NUCB1	NUCB1	NUCB1	NUCB1		NUCB1	NUCB1	NUCB1
CD44_HUMAN								CD44					CD44
AGRIN_HUMAN	AGRIN	AGRIN				AGRIN	AGRIN	AGRIN				AGRIN	AGRIN
MFGM_HUMAN						MFGM		MFGM					MFGM
RCN1_HUMAN		RCN1		RCN1			RCN1					RCN1
FAM3C_HUMAN	FAM3C	FAM3C				FAM3C	FAM3C					FAM3C
CATZ_HUMAN	CATZ	CATZ		CATZ		CATZ	CATZ	CATZ			CATZ	CATZ	CATZ
PDIA1_HUMAN		PDIA1		PDIA1		PDIA1	PDIA1	PDIA1				PDIA1	PDIA1
IBP2_HUMAN		IBP2				IBP2	IBP2	IBP2					IBP2
TPP1_HUMAN		TPP1				TPP1	TPP1		TPP1			TPP1
GDN_HUMAN		GDN				GDN	GDN	GDN					GDN
CD248_HUMAN		CD248				CD248		CD248
SPON2_HUMAN						SPON2
MARCS_HUMAN		MARCS	MARCS			MARCS	MARCS	MARCS		MARCS		MARCS	MARCS
LAMA1_HUMAN						LAMA1
SERPH_HUMAN		SERPH		SERPH		SERPH	SERPH	SERPH				SERPH
PLOD1_HUMAN		PLOD1		PLOD1		PLOD1	PLOD1	PLOD1			PLOD1	PLOD1
CO4A1_HUMAN						CO4A1
GOLM1_HUMAN	GOLM1	GOLM1				GOLM1	GOLM1	GOLM1					GOLM1
ENPP2_HUMAN						ENPP2		ENPP2					ENPP2
LAMA4_HUMAN						LAMA4
TARSH_HUMAN						TARSH
PTK7_HUMAN								PTK7					PTK7
SAP3_HUMAN		SAP3				SAP3	SAP3	SAP3	SAP3			SAP3	SAP3
CD109_HUMAN						CD109		CD109					CD109
PAMR1_HUMAN						PAMR1
KPYM_HUMAN		KPYM				KPYM	KPYM	KPYM	KPYM	KPYM			KPYM
PTGDS_HUMAN	PTGDS	PTGDS		PTGDS		PTGDS	PTGDS	PTGDS		PTGDS	PTGDS	PTGDS
IBP6_HUMAN	IBP6	IBP6				IBP6	IBP6
STC2_HUMAN	STC2	STC2		STC2		STC2	STC2
F180A_HUMAN						F180A
CFAB_HUMAN						CFAB
CSTN1_HUMAN	CSTN1	CSTN1		CSTN1		CSTN1	CSTN1	CSTN1		CSTN1	CSTN1	CSTN1	CSTN1
VAS1_HUMAN		VAS1			VAS1	VAS1	VAS1	VAS1			VAS1	VAS1
FBLN4_HUMAN						FBLN4
CATL1_HUMAN		CATL1			CATL1	CATL1	CATL1			CATL1		CATL1
CAB45_HUMAN
CTHR1_HUMAN		CTHR1				CTHR1
MFAP5_HUMAN						MFAP5
CD59_HUMAN	CD59	CD59		CD59		CD59	CD59	CD59			CD59	CD59	CD59
MIF_HUMAN		MIF				MIF	MIF			MIF		MIF
CXCL5_HUMAN						CXCL5
ADAM9_HUMAN						ADAM9		ADAM9					ADAM9
S10AB_HUMAN		S10AB				S10AB	S10AB			S10AB
MA2A1_HUMAN	MA2A1	MA2A1				MA2A1	MA2A1	MA2A1			MA2A1	MA2A1
CATK_HUMAN		CATK			CATK	CATK	CATK					CATK
CAP1_HUMAN		CAP1	CAP1			CAP1	CAP1	CAP1				CAP1	CAP1
CYTC_HUMAN		CYTC		CYTC	CYTC	CYTC	CYTC	CYTC		CYTC	CYTC	CYTC
MXRA8_HUMAN
CCD80_HUMAN						CCD80
FBLN2_HUMAN						FBLN2
COR1C_HUMAN		COR1C	COR1C				COR1C	COR1C					COR1C
NPC2_HUMAN		NPC2		NPC2		NPC2	NPC2
KNL1_HUMAN
CD9_HUMAN
CD14_HUMAN

Table 5.

Molecular Function.

UniProt/SWISS-PROT ID	Antioxidant activity	Binding	Catalytic activity	Chemoattractant activity	Chemorepellent activity	Electron carrier activity	Enzyme regulator activity	Molecular function	Molecular transducer activity	Motor activity	Structural molecule activity	Transporter activity
FINC_HUMAN		FINC					FINC	FINC
BGH3_HUMAN		BGH3						BGH3
CO6A1_HUMAN		CO6A1						CO6A1
CO6A3_HUMAN							CO6A3	CO6A3
CO1A2_HUMAN		CO1A2						CO1A2			CO1A2
PAI1_HUMAN		PAI1					PAI1	PAI1
FSTL1_HUMAN		FSTL1						FSTL1
POSTN_HUMAN		POSTN						POSTN
MMP2_HUMAN		MMP2	MMP2					MMP2
CO1A1_HUMAN		CO1A1						CO1A1			CO1A1
FBN1_HUMAN		FBN1						FBN1			FBN1
FBN2_HUMAN		FBN2						FBN2			FBN2
CATB_HUMAN		CATB	CATB					CATB
LAMB1_HUMAN								LAMB1			LAMB1
PGS2_HUMAN		PGS2					PGS2	PGS2
CO6A2_HUMAN
LTBP1_HUMAN		LTBP1	LTBP1					LTBP1	LTBP1
TSP1_HUMAN		TSP1						TSP1
TIMP1_HUMAN		TIMP1					TIMP1	TIMP1
AMPN_HUMAN		AMPN	AMPN					AMPN	AMPN
CO3A1_HUMAN		CO3A1						CO3A1			CO3A1
CFAH_HUMAN		CFAH						CFAH
LTBP2_HUMAN		LTBP2						LTBP2
CO5A1_HUMAN		CO5A1						CO5A1			CO5A1
LG3BP_HUMAN								LG3BP	LG3BP
LAMC1_HUMAN								LAMC1			LAMC1
MFAP2_HUMAN
VIME_HUMAN		VIME						VIME			VIME
PCOC1_HUMAN		PCOC1					PCOC1	PCOC1
COBA1_HUMAN		COBA1						COBA1			COBA1
PEDF_HUMAN		PEDF					PEDF	PEDF
SPRC_HUMAN		SPRC						SPRC
GAS6_HUMAN		GAS6					GAS6	GAS6				GAS6
LEG1_HUMAN		LEG1						LEG1
OLFL3_HUMAN
PTX3_HUMAN		PTX3						PTX3
LAMA2_HUMAN		LAMA2						LAMA2			LAMA2
ITGBL_HUMAN
AEBP1_HUMAN		AEBP1	AEBP1					AEBP1
CO5A2_HUMAN		CO5A2						CO5A2			CO5A2
FBLN1_HUMAN		FBLN1					FBLN1	FBLN1			FBLN1
ENOA_HUMAN		ENOA	ENOA					ENOA
FBLN5_HUMAN		FBLN5						FBLN5
LUM_HUMAN		LUM						LUM			LUM
DKK3_HUMAN
CO4A2_HUMAN								CO4A2			CO4A2
CSPG2_HUMAN		CSPG2						CSPG2			CSPG2
SRPX_HUMAN
C1S_HUMAN		C1S	C1S					C1S
ECM1_HUMAN		ECM1						ECM1
NID1_HUMAN		NID1						NID1
SAP_HUMAN		SAP					SAP	SAP
SEM7A_HUMAN		SEM7A			SEM7A			SEM7A
CLUS_HUMAN		CLUS	CLUS					CLUS
LYOX_HUMAN		LYOX	LYOX					LYOX
QSOX1_HUMAN			QSOX1					QSOX1
G3P_HUMAN		G3P	G3P					G3P
TICN1_HUMAN		TICN1					TICN1	TICN1
EMIL1_HUMAN		EMIL1						EMIL1			EMIL1
WISP2_HUMAN		WISP2						WISP2
TFPI1_HUMAN							TFPI1	TFPI1
PXDN_HUMAN	PXDN	PXDN	PXDN					PXDN			PXDN
PGBM_HUMAN		PGBM						PGBM
IBP4_HUMAN		IBP4						IBP4
VASN_HUMAN		VASN						VASN
GPNMB_HUMAN		GPNMB		GPNMB				GPNMB
SRCRL_HUMAN		SRCRL						SRCRL	SRCRL
FBLN3_HUMAN		FBLN3	FBLN3					FBLN3	FBLN3
PLTP_HUMAN		PLTP						PLTP
PROF1_HUMAN		PROF1					PROF1	PROF1
IBP7_HUMAN		IBP7						IBP7
PGS1_HUMAN		PGS1					PGS1	PGS1			PGS1
NUCB1_HUMAN		NUCB1						NUCB1
CD44_HUMAN		CD44						CD44
AGRIN_HUMAN		AGRIN						AGRIN			AGRIN
MFGM_HUMAN		MFGM						MFGM
RCN1_HUMAN		RCN1						RCN1
FAM3C_HUMAN		FAM3C						FAM3C
CATZ_HUMAN		CATZ	CATZ					CATZ
PDIA1_HUMAN		PDIA1	PDIA1					PDIA1
IBP2_HUMAN		IBP2						IBP2
TPP1_HUMAN		TPP1	TPP1					TPP1
GDN_HUMAN		GDN					GDN	GDN
CD248_HUMAN		CD248						CD248
SPON2_HUMAN		SPON2						SPON2
MARCS_HUMAN		MARCS						MARCS
LAMA1_HUMAN		LAMA1						LAMA1			LAMA1
SERPH_HUMAN		SERPH					SERPH	SERPH
PLOD1_HUMAN		PLOD1	PLOD1					PLOD1
CO4A1_HUMAN								CO4A1			CO4A1
GOLM1_HUMAN		GOLM1						GOLM1
ENPP2_HUMAN		ENPP2	ENPP2					ENPP2	ENPP2
LAMA4_HUMAN		LAMA4						LAMA4			LAMA4
TARSH_HUMAN		TARSH						TARSH
PTK7_HUMAN		PTK7	PTK7					PTK7	PTK7
SAP3_HUMAN			SAP3				SAP3	SAP3				SAP3
CD109_HUMAN		CD109					CD109	CD109
PAMR1_HUMAN		PAMR1						PAMR1
KPYM_HUMAN		KPYM	KPYM					KPYM
PTGDS_HUMAN		PTGDS	PTGDS					PTGDS
IBP6_HUMAN		IBP6						IBP6
STC2_HUMAN		STC2						STC2
F180A_HUMAN
CFAB_HUMAN			CFAB					CFAB
CSTN1_HUMAN		CSTN1						CSTN1
VAS1_HUMAN		VAS1	VAS1					VAS1
FBLN4_HUMAN		FBLN4						FBLN4			FBLN4
CATL1_HUMAN		CATL1	CATL1					CATL1
CAB45_HUMAN
CTHR1_HUMAN		CTHR1						CTHR1
MFAP5_HUMAN								MFAP5			MFAP5
CD59_HUMAN		CD59						CD59
MIF_HUMAN		MIF	MIF	MIF				MIF
CXCL5_HUMAN		CXCL5						CXCL5
ADAM9_HUMAN		ADAM9	ADAM9					ADAM9
S10AB_HUMAN		S10AB						S10AB
MA2A1_HUMAN		MA2A1	MA2A1					MA2A1
CATK_HUMAN		CATK	CATK					CATK
CAP1_HUMAN		CAP1						CAP1
CYTC_HUMAN		CYTC					CYTC	CYTC
MXRA8_HUMAN
CCD80_HUMAN		CCD80						CCD80
FBLN2_HUMAN		FBLN2						FBLN2			FBLN2
COR1C_HUMAN		COR1C						COR1C
NPC2_HUMAN		NPC2						NPC2
KNL1_HUMAN
CD9_HUMAN
CD14_HUMAN

Cellular components

Proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are transported to the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and transported or secreted to the cell membrane via the Golgi apparatus. In hMSC-AT-CM, GAS6, CLUS, NUCB1, CATZ, PTGDS, STC2, CSTN1, and CD59 also seem to be widely involved in the function of hMSC-AT-CM under the classifications of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, membrane, and extracellular region of ‘cellular component’ (Table 4). STC2 suppresses the oxidative stress-induced cell damage of MSC. In the clinical application of MSC, it was suggested that STC2 promotes the long-term therapeutic effects of therapeutic cells[29]. GAS6, CLUS, NUCB1, CATZ, CSTN1 and CD59 were newly detected in hMSC-AT-CM (Fig. 4b).

Molecular function

In hMSC-AT-CM, LTBP1, AMPN, GAS6, FBLN1, PXDN, FBLN3, PGS1, ENPP2, PTK7 and MIF also seem to be widely involved in the function of hMSC-AT-CM under the classification of ‘molecular function’ (Table 5).

POSTN, PGS2, TIMP1, PEDF, LEG1 and IBP7, the protein function of which was not especially wide was related to the biological processes, cellular components and molecular function of hMSCs (Table 1). POSTN has previously been reported as a factor that promotes the in vivo proliferation activity of cancer in association with hACS transplantation[30]. POSTN has been reported to promote the cell migration of MSC-BM via PI3K/Akt signaling through receptor integrin αvβ3[31]. The simultaneous administration of MSC-BM and PGS2 was reported to significantly improve thioacetamide-induced the rat model of hepatic fibrosis in comparison with the administration of MSC-BM alone[32]. The TIMP1 contained in the culture supernatant of the immortalized MSC line RCB2157 was reported to inhibit the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells[33]. MSC-BM in aged mice show the increased expression of PEDF. PEDF was reported to promote or inhibit the growth of cells affected by myocardial infarction[34]. PEDF has also been reported to promote the expression of bone formation genes and mineral deposition genes of human MSC-BM[35]. It has been reported that IBP7 has an important function in the action of MSC-BM in preparation for immune regulation in a mouse model of colitis[36]. LTBP1, AMPN, GAS6, FBLN1, PXDN, FBLN3, PGS1, ENPP2, PTK7 and MIF were newly detected in hMSC-AT-CM (Fig. 4c).

Discussion

In recent years, genome sequencing and epigenetic analysis techniques have provided important information to help clarify the causes of diseases. The application of cell therapy in regenerative medicine is expected to be useful for the treatment of many types of diseases. Genetic, epigenetic, and proteomic analysis techniques play an important role in inducing the differentiation of cells used for cell therapy. Several papers focusing on the MSCs involved in the treatment of liver diseases have been published and the functions of the factors identified in the latest analysis have been explained.

A proteomic analysis using LC-MS/MS provides evidence to support the possible application of cell therapy using MSCs and information regarding the potential application of MSCs in the treatment of liver disease. This information provides important clues for investigating the function. However, MSCs are distributed throughout the body, and there are different types of MSCs, such as mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue (MSC-ATs), bone marrow (MSC-BMs), umbilical cord blood (MSC-UCs), and dental pulp (MSC-DPs). In previous reports, to identify the proteins expressed in MSCs, MSC-BMs, components contained in the culture supernatant of MSC-DPs and MSC-ATs were examined[8,10,11]. Banas et al. showed that hMSC-AT secreted interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), IL-6, IL-8, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), nerve growth factor (NGF), and HGF using a protein-array analysis[8]. The authors explained that these factors were effective in improving the mouse liver function. Poll et al. showed that the analysis of the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are known to be upregulated during liver injury, revealed a nonsignificant decrease in the levels of IL-1 and significantly lower levels of TNF-α and IL-6 after MSC-CM treatment. On the other hand, the levels of IL-10 (an anti-inflammatory cytokine) were increased four-fold in MSC-CM–treated animals. These data suggest that the infusion of MSC-CM alters the systemic cytokine profile associated with acute liver failure to a more anti-inflammatory state[11]. Yukawa et al. reported that the administration of mouse MSC-ATs into the blood resulted in an improvement of the liver function and a reduction in the blood concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in mice[37]. The authors cited a paper that reported that IL-6 is effective for improving the liver function of mice among these factors and explained the improvement of the liver function of MSC-CM[38]. Parekkadan et al. reported that the majority (69/174 [30%]) of proteins contained in MSC-BM-CM (according to a protein array) are chemokines and are widely involved in immune regulation and liver regeneration[11]. Similarly to the abovementioned studies, hMSC-AT-CM was also shown to improve mouse liver function (Fig. 3(a) and (b)). This study showed that hMSC-AT-CM was administered to mice to ameliorate the symptoms of acute liver failure induced by the administration of CCL4. Our findings indicate that hMSC-AT-CM is likely to have the effect of ameliorating symptoms of human liver disease. Therefore, the MSCGM-CD mesenchymal stem cell BulletKit (Lonza) was used to create hMSC-AT-CM. This medium was a clinical grade medium approved by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare for use in human clinical treatment research. However, we must bear in mind that the components and amounts of hMSC-AT-CM secreted by hMSC-ATs will likely change depending on the composition of the culture medium.

Since the data in the present study were obtained from the hMSC-AT-CM from one donor, we must consider the reliability of the data. In addition, the proteins were detected by a label-free method. Protein quantification was determined from the peptide ion data obtained by mass spectrometry using the number of peptide fragments identified by the database analysis as an index. This principle is based on the PAI[39] method, which states that, “quantitatively more proteins can detect more peptide fragments in the same protein.” This method was used to determine the emPAI[40], which estimates the protein abundance based on the peptides calculated and theoretically observed tryptic peptides for each protein using the Scaffold software program. This program identifies and quantitatively displays proteins using proprietary algorithms (Peptide/Protein Prophet, Protein grouping). Thus, the quantification of the amount of protein in this paper is a theoretical value estimated based on the emPAI[40] function of the Scaffold software program. The ratio of the number of measured peptides to the number of theoretical peptides is linearly related to the logarithm of the protein concentration, and the number obtained by subtracting 1 from the index of the peptide number ratio was defined as the emPAI[40]. The larger the emPAI[40] value, the greater the amount of protein. Proteins quantified using emPAI were listed from the top in the tables showing the GO analysis results (Tables 1, 3, and 4) in descending order of concentration.

Conclusions

In this study, which used an LC-MS/MS measuring system, we focused on the quantified amount of protein and components contained in hMSC-AT-CM that improve the liver function, with a focus on the function of proteins classified by a GO analysis. These analyses revealed a number of new candidates associated with growth (SAP, SEM7A, PTK7); the immune system processes (CO1A2, CO1A1, CATB, TSP1, GAS6, PTX3, C1 S, SEM7A, G3P, PXDN, SRCRL, CD248, SPON2, ENPP2, CD109, CFAB, CATL1, MFAP5, MIF, CXCL5, ADAM9, CATK); and reproduction (MMP2, CATB, FBLN1, SAP, MFGM, GDN, CYTC). MSC-CM contains proteins secreted by MSCs and the proteins that were initially added to the culture medium. In Table 6, the proteins identified in hMSC-AT-CM are listed in the far-left column, with the medium component proteins using culture medium for hMSC-ATs listed in the next column. Proteins secreted by hMSC are predicted by the following formula: hMSC-AT-CM containing protein – medium containing protein = hMSC-AT secreted protein. Table 6 also lists eight articles that can be searched using the keywords MSC, ADSC, mesenchymal stem cell, LC/MS/MS, CM, conditional medium, protein, and secretion on the PubMed database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/). Secreted proteins of MSCs are listed in Table 6. This research method differs from a protein array and enables a comprehensive analysis of the protein expression. We succeeded in identifying 106 types of novel proteins contained in MSC-CM. The newly identified protein components contained in hMSC-AT-CM provide valuable information to support the clinical application of hMSC-AT-CM.

Table 6.

Previous Reports; hMSC Secreted Protein Identified.

hMSC-ATa-CMd		Proteins excluded from protein list of hMSC-AT-CM(overlapped with basal medium)	PLoS ONE 2007;Issue 9:e941[11] hMSC-BMb-CM	PLoS ONE 2008;3:e1886hMSC-BM-CM[41]	The Journal of Neuroscience2015;11:2452–2464hMSC-BM & hMSC-DPc-CM[42]	Exp Cell Res 2010;16: 1271–1281hMSC-BM-CM[25]	STEM CELLS 2008;26:2705–2712[8]		TISSUE ENGINEERING 2012;Part A 18:1479–1489[9]	Molecular Therapy2015;23: 549–560hMSC-BM-CM[43]	Scientific Reports2013;4:3652hMSC-BM-CM[44]
							hMSC- BM-CM	hMSC- AT-CM	hMSC-BM-CM
FINC	PROF1	ALBU	IBP1	CXCL5	CXCL1	COL1A1	IL1RA	IL1RA	IGF-1	STC1	SCRG1
BGH3	IBP7	TRFE	LEP	CSF3	MMP10	COL1A2	IL6	IL6	VEGF
CO6A1	PGS1	HPT	CCL2	GROA	FST	COL5A2	IL7	IL7
CO6A3	NUCB1	A1BG	IL8	CCL1	LYVE1	COL6A1	IL8	IL8
CO1A2	CD44	HEMO	BMP4	IL1A	ADA17	COL11A1	IL15	IL15
PAI1	AGRIN	FETUA	TNFL6	IL1B	NRG1	FINC	CSF3	CSF3
FSTL1	MFGM	HPTR	FGF6	IL2	MMP7	FND3A	CSF2	CSF2
POSTN	RCN1	PGRP2	TNFB	IL3	FURIN	SPRC	X3CL1	X3CL1
MMP2	FAM3C	ITIH4	CNTF	IL4	ANGI	IBP7	CCL11	CCL11
CO1A1	CATZ	AFAM	IL9	IL6	TNR11		CCL2	CCL2
FBN1	PDIA1	TTHY	IBP4	IL8	LEG7		VEGF	VEGF
FBN2	IBP2	APOH	TGFA	IL10	NRCAM		HGF	HGF
CATB	TPP1	VTDB	SCF	IL12	UFO		NGF	NGF
LAMB1	GDN	ZA2G	CCL22	CCL2	MMP3		IL12	CXL10
PGS2	CD248	A2GL	TGFB3	CSF1	TSLP		CCL3	IL12
CO6A2	SPON2	IGKC	CXCL9	CCL22	FRIL/H		EGF	CCL3
LTBP1	MARCS	IGLC2	CCL27	CCL4	TNR27			CCL4
TSP1	LAMA1	C1R	IBP2	CCL5	FSTL			EGF
TIMP1	SERPH	IGLL5	CXL11	SCF	TNR5			IL10
AMPN	PLOD1	CERU	CXCL6	SDF1	DKK3			IL17
CO3A1	CO4A1	RET4	MCP4	TNFA	RETN
CFAH	GOLM1	A1AG2	TNFA	TNFB	TNNT1
LTBP2	ENPP2	ATRN	CCL20	EGF	NID1
CO5A1	LAMA4	IGHG1	GDNF	IGF1	TR10B
LG3BP	TARSH	CPN2	BMP6	ANGI	IL22
LAMC1	PTK7	HBB	TGFB2	ONCM	MMP2
MFAP2	SAP3	HBA	BDNF	TPO	PRS27
VIME	CD109	AMBP	SDF1	VEGF	NCAM1
PCOC1	PAMR1	APOD	CXL13	PDGFB	MICA
COBA1	KPYM	A1AG1	CXL16	LEP	FCG2B
PEDF	PTGDS	DYH5	IL6	BDNF	INS
SPRC	IBP6	CFAI	TIMP2	FGF4	SCF
GAS6		IC1	FGF2	FGF7	OSTP
LEG1		C1RL	CCL15	FGF9	TGFB1
OLFL3		THBG	FGF9	FLT3L	PLF4
PTX3		AGRF4	CSF3	X3CL1	IBP6
LAMA2		KNG1	IL7	GDNF	SOMA
ITGBL		FETUB	TGFB1	HGF	D3DMB4
AEBP1		MYO5B	CCL8	IBP1	ELAF
CO5A2		CF163	CSF1	IBP3	GDF15
FBLN1		5NT3B	ANGI	IBP4	IL19
ENOA		FA11	EGF	CXCL10	BGH3
FBLN5		KLKB1	CCL16	LIF	IL5RA
LUM		LCAT	AMPL1	TNF14	SIGL9
DKK3			CCL5	CCL20	BCAM
CO4A2			ANGP	CXCL7	HGF
CSPG2			GROA	NTF3	XCL1
SRPX			TIMP4	NTF4	VEGFC
C1S			IBP6	CCL18	TR11B
ECM1			TIMP1	PLGF	TIMP2
NID1			INHBA	TGFB2	MIF
SAP			LIF	TGFB3	CD166
SEM7A			CCL11	TIMP1	HAVR1
CLUS			HGF	TIMP2	CCL28
LYOX			CXL10		TNR8
QSOX1			CCL26		CCL2
G3P			PDGFA		TPO
TICN1			BMP7		IL6RA
EMIL1			MMP9		SAA
WISP2			PDGFB		SCRB2
TFPI1			IGF1		MMP8
PXDN			MMP1		EPOR
PGBM			BMP5		PIGF
IBP4			ADIPO		IL6RA/B
VASN			IL1RA		TIMP1
GPNMB			CXCL5		VEGFA
SRCRL			CCL1		IFNL2
FBLN3			VEGFA		TR10C
PLTP			FGF7

a human Mesenchymal Stem Cells from adipose tissue;b human Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Bone marrow; c human Mesenchymal Stem Cells from dental pulp; d conditional medium.

Click here for additional data file.

Supplemental Material, Nakashima(SupFig1)2018-6-11(3) for A Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomic Analysis of the Proteins Secreted by Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Yoshiki Nakashima, Saifun Nahar, Chika Miyagi-Shiohira, Takao Kinjo, Zensei Toyoda, Naoya Kobayashi, Issei Saitoh, Masami Watanabe, Jiro Fujita, and Hirofumi Noguchi in Cell Transplantation