Preexisting Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Increases Susceptibility to Tuberculosis in Mauritian Cynomolgus Macaques.

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is the leading cause of death among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients. The precise mechanisms by which HIV impairs host resistance to a subsequent M. tuberculosis infection are unknown. We modeled this coinfection in Mauritian cynomolgus macaques (MCM) using simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) as an HIV surrogate. We infected seven MCM with SIVmac239 intrarectally and 6 months later coinfected them via bronchoscope with ∼10 CFU of M. tuberculosis Another eight MCM were infected with M. tuberculosis alone. TB progression was monitored by clinical parameters, by culturing bacilli in gastric and bronchoalveolar lavages, and by serial [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging. The eight MCM infected with M. tuberculosis alone displayed dichotomous susceptibility to TB, with four animals reaching humane endpoint within 13 weeks and four animals surviving >19 weeks after M. tuberculosis infection. In stark contrast, all seven SIV+ animals exhibited rapidly progressive TB following coinfection and all reached humane endpoint by 13 weeks. Serial PET/CT imaging confirmed dichotomous outcomes in MCM infected with M. tuberculosis alone and marked susceptibility to TB in all SIV+ MCM. Notably, imaging revealed a significant increase in TB granulomas between 4 and 8 weeks after M. tuberculosis infection in SIV+ but not in SIV-naive MCM and implies that SIV impairs the ability of animals to contain M. tuberculosis dissemination. At necropsy, animals with preexisting SIV infection had more overall pathology, increased bacterial loads, and a trend towards more extrapulmonary disease than animals infected with M. tuberculosis alone. We thus developed a tractable MCM model in which to study SIV-M. tuberculosis coinfection and demonstrate that preexisting SIV dramatically diminishes the ability to control M. tuberculosis coinfection.