Analysis of virulence diversity of 73 Helicobacter pylori strains isolated in Guizhou province, China.

The present study aimed to investigate the virulence diversity of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in major ethnic groups residing in Guizhou province, China, and its association with clinical outcomes. Gastric mucosal biopsies were collected from the pylorus of patients with gastrointestinal disorders. H. pylori was identified by colonial morphology, Gram staining, a urease test and H. pylori‑specific 16S rRNA gene fragment PCR amplification. DNA was extracted from pure culture and used for virulence gene analysis. The cytotoxin associated gene A (cagA), vacuolating cytotoxin A (vacA) and induced by contact with epithelium gene A (iceA) genes were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction analysis. The cagA gene was further analyzed through sequencing of the C‑terminal region containing EPIYA motifs, and phylogenetic analysis of the cagA C‑terminal variable region was performed using MEGA 6.0 software. In the present study, 73 H. pylori strains were isolated from clinical samples. cagA genotypes were detected in all strains, namely cagA‑AB, ‑ABC, ‑ABD and ‑BD genotypes were found in five (6.85%), three (4.11%), 63 (86.30%) and two (2.74%) isolates, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that there was a clustering association between the cagA‑AB and cagA‑ABC genotypes, and between the cagA‑ABD and cagA‑BD genotypes. In terms of the frequency of the four EPIYA or EPIYA‑like motifs, the most predominant was EPIYA (92.92%), followed by EPIYT (3.77%), ESIYA (2.83%) and ESIYT (0.47%). The predominant vacA genotype was s1c/m2 (65.75%), and the predominant iceA genotype was iceA1 (79.45%). There were no associations between the H. pylori cagA, vacA or iceA genotypes and clinical outcomes. No significant difference was found in the distribution of these genotypes according to the age, ethnicity or location of residence of patients. In conclusion, H. pylori isolated from patients in Guizhou region, China, showed a unique genotype, which was mainly East Asia‑type cagA (ABD), vacA s1c/m2 genotype or iceA1‑postiive. These results provide important information on the distribution of H. pylori virulence genotypes in Guizhou province, China.