Systemic lupus erythematosus-associated diffuse alveolar hemorrhage: A case report and review of the literature.

Systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with numerous pleuropulmonary complications. Although uncommon, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage represents a life-threatening cause of acute respiratory failure among patients with lupus. Here, we present a 24-year-old woman with a history of lupus who developed hemoptysis and respiratory failure associated with diffuse radiographic infiltrates and anemia. Bronchoscopy confirmed diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. She was managed with supportive care, plasmapheresis, and immunosuppressive pharmacotherapy leading to sustained resolution of her pulmonary hemorrhage and respiratory failure. We then review the available literature on the pathophysiology and management of lupus-associated diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, which centers on supportive care, reversal of coagulopathy, and immunosuppressive measures.