Three-dimensional forces beyond actomyosin contraction: lessons from fly epithelial deformation.

Epithelium undergoes complex deformations during morphogenesis. Many of these deformations rely on the remodelling of apical cell junctions by actomyosin-based contractile force and this has been a major research interest for many years. Recent studies have shown that cells can use additional mechanisms that are not directly driven by actomyosin contractility to alter cell shape and movement, in three-dimensional (3D) space and time. In this review, we focus on a number of these mechanisms, including basolateral cellular protrusion, lateral shift of cell polarity, cytoplasmic flow, regulation of cell volume, and force transmission between cell-cell adhesion and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion, and describe how they underlie Drosophila epithelia deformations.