Distribution of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) 4, DPP5, DPP7 and DPP11 in human oral microbiota-potent biomarkers indicating presence of periodontopathic bacteria.

Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) 4, DPP5, DPP7 and DPP11, expressed in the periplasmic space, are crucial for energy production for Porphyromonas gingivalis, an asaccharolytic bacterium that causes periodontal disease. Bacterial DPP4 seems to be involved in regulation of blood glucose level via degradation of incretins. The present study aimed to identify four dpp orthologs in oral microbiota by database searches, and their enzymatic activities in periodontopathic and cariogenic bacteria, as well as oral specimens were determined. Search in the databases suggested that 43 species of 772 taxa possess dpp4 and other dpp genes. Most species are in the genera Bacteroides, Capnocytophaga, Porphyromonas, Prevotella and Tannerella, indicating a limited distribution of dpp orthologs in anaerobic periodontopathic rods. In accordance with those results, activities of all four DPPs were demonstrated in P. gingivalis, Porphyromonas endodontalis and Tannerella forsythia, while they were negligible in Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Furthermore, DPP activities were also detected in subgingival dental plaque at different intensities among individual specimens, while DPP4 activity presumably derived from human entity was solely predominant in saliva samples. These findings demonstrated that DPP activities in dental plaque serve as potent biomarkers to indicate the presence of periodontopathic bacteria.