Nicole L Tosun1, Sharon S Allen2, Lynn E Eberly3, Meng Yao4, William W Stoops5, Justin C Strickland6, Katherine A Harrison7, Mustafa al'Absi8, Marilyn E Carroll9. 1. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, United States. Electronic address: tosun004@umn.edu. 2. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, United States. Electronic address: allen001@umn.edu. 3. Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States. 4. Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States. Electronic address: yaoxx299@umn.edu. 5. Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, 1100 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, United States. Electronic address: william.stoops@uky.edu. 6. Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 171 Funkhouser Drive, Lexington, KY 40506, United States. Electronic address: justrickland@uky.edu. 7. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, United States. Electronic address: harr0644@umn.edu. 8. Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth Campus, 1035 University Ave, Duluth, MN 55812, United States. Electronic address: malabsi@d.umn.edu. 9. Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, MMC 392, 505 Essex St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States. Electronic address: mcarroll@umn.edu.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Despite extensive efforts to develop effective smoking cessation interventions, 70-85% of American cigarette smokers who quit relapse within one year. Exercise has shown promise as an intervention; however, many results have been equivocal. This study explored how exercise is associated with smoking-related symptomatology, smoking behavior and impulsivity in male and female smokers. METHODS: Participants were recruited throughout the United States using the on-line crowdsourcing platform, Amazon's Mechanical Turk. They completed a survey with self-report measures assessing exercise, smoking-related symptomatology, smoking behavior and impulsivity. Differences between men and women were tested using t- and chi-square tests. Regression analyses tested for associations between exercise and smoking-related symptomatology, smoking behavior and impulsivity. RESULTS: Participants (N = 604) were, on average, 32 (SD = 6.2) years old, mostly Caucasian, with at least some college education and approximately half were women. Women exercised slightly less than men and had more negative affect, craving, physical symptoms and withdrawal. Women smoked more cigarettes per day, had greater nicotine dependency and more years of smoking. Positive affect was positively associated with exercise for both men and women; however, this association was significantly stronger in women. Negative affect and withdrawal were inversely associated with exercise for women only. Impulsivity was inversely associated with exercise for both men and women. CONCLUSION: Exercise was significantly associated with several smoking-related symptomatology, smoking behavior and impulsivity variables for both men and women, suggesting that exercise may be a useful intervention for smoking cessation. Future prospective research should determine how exercise directly impacts smoking cessation.
INTRODUCTION: Despite extensive efforts to develop effective smoking cessation interventions, 70-85% of American cigarette smokers who quit relapse within one year. Exercise has shown promise as an intervention; however, many results have been equivocal. This study explored how exercise is associated with smoking-related symptomatology, smoking behavior and impulsivity in male and female smokers. METHODS:Participants were recruited throughout the United States using the on-line crowdsourcing platform, Amazon's Mechanical Turk. They completed a survey with self-report measures assessing exercise, smoking-related symptomatology, smoking behavior and impulsivity. Differences between men and women were tested using t- and chi-square tests. Regression analyses tested for associations between exercise and smoking-related symptomatology, smoking behavior and impulsivity. RESULTS:Participants (N = 604) were, on average, 32 (SD = 6.2) years old, mostly Caucasian, with at least some college education and approximately half were women. Women exercised slightly less than men and had more negative affect, craving, physical symptoms and withdrawal. Women smoked more cigarettes per day, had greater nicotinedependency and more years of smoking. Positive affect was positively associated with exercise for both men and women; however, this association was significantly stronger in women. Negative affect and withdrawal were inversely associated with exercise for women only. Impulsivity was inversely associated with exercise for both men and women. CONCLUSION: Exercise was significantly associated with several smoking-related symptomatology, smoking behavior and impulsivity variables for both men and women, suggesting that exercise may be a useful intervention for smoking cessation. Future prospective research should determine how exercise directly impacts smoking cessation.
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