EPR studies show that all lanthanides do not have the same order of binding to calmodulin.

Calmodulin, spin labeled at Tyr-99, has been titrated with the lanthanides La3+, Nd3+, Eu3+, Tb3+, Er3+ and Lu3+ as well as Ca2+ and Cd2+. The titration was monitored by EPR and changes in mobility of the spin label, due to binding into the labeled site and protein conformational change, were observed. Comparison of these titration curves with theoretical binding curves for the various calmodulin-metal species, show that different lanthanides have different high affinity sites. Three basic categories were observed, with Lu3+ and Er3+ behaving like Ca2+, Eu3+ and Tb3+ binding in the opposite order from Ca2+, and La3+ and Nd3+ different from either Ca2+ or Tb3+.