Altitudinal Turnover of Species in a Neotropical Peripheral Mountain System: A Case Study With Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Aphodiinae and Scarabaeinae).

The study of diversity gradients is a frequent approach to understand evolutionary processes that structure communities. Altitudinal gradients allow the analysis of community spatial responses to environmental fluctuations. One interesting place to study altitudinal gradients is the Andes system because of the coexistence of isolated and continuous mountain ranges. We investigated the altitudinal turnover of species in peripheral mountainous systems by analyzing the structure of dung beetle assemblages along a complete gradient in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Seven sites ranging from 480 to 2,890 m were evaluated, using linear transects of pitfall traps. A total of 2,992 individuals and 46 species were collected. Abundance, richness, and diversity diminished with altitude, revealing significant differences among sites. Some genera appeared at certain altitudes and most species appeared at unique sites, indicating a marked altitudinal turnover. A similarity analysis demonstrated the existence of separate lowland and high mountain groups with a turnover at 1,200-1,600 m asl. We registered for the first time a species replacement between Scarabaeinae (low-lands) and Aphodiinae (high-lands) in the Neotropical region. Our results largely agree with the species pattern described for Mesoamerica, although, in this case the altitudinal turnover is more evident, unveiling a transition zone between lowland and high mountain fauna elements. This result suggests an equilibrium between a weak horizontal colonization and a strong vertical turnover, that appears to be higher in isolated mountains. Future investigations with other insect groups are necessary to corroborate this altitudinal pattern in isolated mountains.