Cytokine Profiles and Severity of Influenza Infection in Transplant Recipients.

Influenza is responsible for significant morbidity after transplantation. We evaluated T-helper 1/T-helper 2 (Th2) cytokines and interleukin (IL) 10 levels during influenza infection in the posttransplant setting. Serum samples from 277 transplant recipients were analyzed at influenza diagnosis and 28 days later for interferon gamma (IFN-γ), IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10. IL-13 levels were associated with protection against pneumonia and intensive care unit (ICU) admission, whereas the IFN-γ/IL-13 ratio and IL-10 levels were associated with an increased risk of pneumonia and ICU admission. This association was independent of viral load. A skewing of immune responses toward Th2 in transplant patients appears to confer protection from severe influenza infection, independent of viral load.