Halenur Bozdag1, Esra Akdeniz2. 1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Göztepe Teaching and Research Hospital, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey. 2. Faculty of Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Abstract
Purpose: Vitamin D plays an important role in the modulation of the immune system and anti-autoimmune activities. Autoimmune thyroid diseases related to endocrine disorders are associated with poor obstetric outcomes in pregnancy. Herein, we aimed to investigate the contribution of vitamin D hypovitaminosis to poor pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with the positive autoimmune antibody.Materials and methods: This was a prospective case-control study that enrolled pregnant women at their first trimester. The pregnant women were divided based on thyroid antibody (TA) status (TA-positive pregnant group (TAs (+)) and negative group (TAs (-)). Vitamin D status was categorized as sufficient, insufficient, and deficient (severe and moderate). Results: A total of 283 pregnant women were enrolled in this study. A total of 219 pregnant women were assigned to the TAs (-) group and 64 to the TAs (+) group. The rate of vitamin D insufficiency was 8.7, and 7.8% in the pregnant with TAs (-), and the pregnant with TAs (+) groups, respectively. Vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent in all groups. Specifically, the prevalence rate was 91 and 92% in the pregnant with TAs (-) and the pregnant with TAs (+) groups, respectively. Admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) was more prevalent in the pregnant with TAs (+) group than in the pregnant with TAs (-) group (40.6 versus 25%; p = .0187; effect size (ES) = 0.134). The rate of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was significantly higher in the pregnant women with TAs (+) group than that in the pregnant women with TAs (-) group (12.5 versus 4.1%; p = .03; ES =0.13). The rate of NICU admission and GDM was significantly higher in the severe vitamin D-deficient pregnant group with TAs (+) than that in the severe vitamin D-deficient pregnant group with TAs (-) (47 versus 23%; p = .007; ES =0.207 and 19.4% versus 4.1%; p = .006; ES =0.214, respectively).Conclusions: Severe vitamin D deficiency may contribute to increase the prevalence of GDM and need for NICU admission in pregnant women with positive TA.
Purpose: Vitamin D plays an important role in the modulation of the immune system and anti-autoimmune activities. Autoimmune thyroid diseases related to endocrine disorders are associated with poor obstetric outcomes in pregnancy. Herein, we aimed to investigate the contribution of vitamin D hypovitaminosis to poor pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with the positive autoimmune antibody.Materials and methods: This was a prospective case-control study that enrolled pregnant women at their first trimester. The pregnant women were divided based on thyroid antibody (TA) status (TA-positive pregnant group (TAs (+)) and negative group (TAs (-)). Vitamin D status was categorized as sufficient, insufficient, and deficient (severe and moderate). Results: A total of 283 pregnant women were enrolled in this study. A total of 219 pregnant women were assigned to the TAs (-) group and 64 to the TAs (+) group. The rate of vitamin D insufficiency was 8.7, and 7.8% in the pregnant with TAs (-), and the pregnant with TAs (+) groups, respectively. Vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent in all groups. Specifically, the prevalence rate was 91 and 92% in the pregnant with TAs (-) and the pregnant with TAs (+) groups, respectively. Admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) was more prevalent in the pregnant with TAs (+) group than in the pregnant with TAs (-) group (40.6 versus 25%; p = .0187; effect size (ES) = 0.134). The rate of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was significantly higher in the pregnant women with TAs (+) group than that in the pregnant women with TAs (-) group (12.5 versus 4.1%; p = .03; ES =0.13). The rate of NICU admission and GDM was significantly higher in the severe vitamin D-deficient pregnant group with TAs (+) than that in the severe vitamin D-deficient pregnant group with TAs (-) (47 versus 23%; p = .007; ES =0.207 and 19.4% versus 4.1%; p = .006; ES =0.214, respectively).Conclusions: Severe vitamin D deficiency may contribute to increase the prevalence of GDM and need for NICU admission in pregnant women with positive TA.