Physiological and metabolome changes during anther development in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

This study used cytology, cytochemistry, and non-targeted metabolomics to investigate the distribution characteristic of polysaccharides, lipids, and all the metabolites present during five wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) anther developmental stages to provide insights into wheat anther development. Anthers were collected from the tetrad through trinucleate stages, and 1.5% (w/v) acetocarmine and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining were used to confirm the developmental stage and visualize the nuclei, respectively. Polysaccharides and lipids were detected by staining with periodic acid-Schiff and Sudan Black B, respectively. The integrated optical density of the tapetum and microspores were calculated using IPP6.0 software. Furthermore, the metabolites were identified by gas chromatograph system coupled with a Pegasus HT time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GC-TOF-MS). The results indicated that the interior and exterior surface cells of anthers are orderly. Pollen was rich in numerous nutrient substances (e.g., lipids, insoluble carbohydrates, and others), and formed a normal sperm cell that contained three nuclei, i.e., one vegetative nuclei and two reproductive nuclei in the mature pollen. Semi-thin sectioning indicated that the tapetum cells degraded progressively from the tetrad to late uninucleate stage and disappeared from the bi-to trinucleate stages. Moreover, nutrient substances (lipids and insoluble carbohydrates) accumulated, were synthesized in the pollen, and gradually increased from the tetrad to trinucleate stages. Finally, the metabolomics results identified that 146 metabolites were present throughout the wheat anther developmental stages. Principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, and metabolite-metabolite correlation revealed distinct dynamic changes in metabolites. The metabolism of organic acids, amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, amines, polyols, and nucleotides were interrelated and involved in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and glycolysis. Furthermore, their interactions were revealed using an integrated metabolic map, which indicated that the TCA cycle and glycolysis were very active during anther development to provide the required energy for anther and pollen development. Our study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of substance metabolism in wheat anthers and can be used for possible application by metabolic engineers for the improvement of cell characteristics or creating new compounds and molecular breeders in improving pollen fertility or creating the ideal male sterile line, to improve wheat yield per unit area to address global food security.