Mats Hallgren1, Neville Owen2, Brendon Stubbs3, Zangin Zeebari4, Davy Vancampfort5, Felipe Schuch6, Rino Bellocco7, David Dunstan8, Ylva Trolle Lagerros9. 1. Epidemiology of Psychiatric Conditions, Substance use and Social Environment (EPiCSS) Department of Public Health Sciences Karolinska Institutet Solnavägen 1e, 113 65 Sweden. Electronic address: Mats.hallgren@ki.se. 2. Behavioral Epidemiology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia. 3. Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom; Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom. 4. Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Solna 171 77, Sweden. 5. KU Leuven Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven, Belgium.; KU Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuven-Kortenberg, Belgium. 6. Centro Universitário La Salle (Unilasalle) Canoas, Brazil; Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. 7. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy. 8. Physical Activity Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia. 9. Department of Medicine, Clinic of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University, Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Solna 171 77, Sweden.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Regular physical activity reduces the risk of depression onset and is an effective treatment for mood disorders. Recent studies have reported that sedentary behavior (SB) increases the risk of depression in adults, but relationships of different types of SBs with depression have not been examined systematically. We explored longitudinal relationships of passive (e.g. watching TV) and mentally-active (e.g. office-work) SBs with incident major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS: Self-report questionnaires were completed by 40,569 Swedish adults in 1997; responses were linked to clinician-diagnosed MDD obtained from medical registers until 2010. Relationships between passive, mentally-active and total SBs with incident MDD were explored using survival analysis with Cox proportional hazards regression. Models controlled for leisure time moderate-vigorous physical activity and occupational physical activity. Moderating effects of gender were examined. RESULTS: In fully-adjusted models, including only non-depressed adults at baseline, those reporting ≥ 3 h of mentally-active SBs on a typical day (versus < 3 h) had significant lower hazards of incident MDD at follow-up (HR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.58-0.94, p = 0.018). There was a non-significant positive relationship of passive SBs with incident MDD (HR = 1.20, 95% CI = 0.96-1.52, p = 0.106). The association between total SBs (passive and mentally-active combined) was not significant (HR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.75-1.10, p = 0.36). Gender did not moderate these associations. LIMITATIONS: Physical activity and SBs were self-reported. CONCLUSION: Mentally-active SBs may have beneficial effects on adults' mental well-being. These effects are largely independent of habitual physical activity levels.
BACKGROUND: Regular physical activity reduces the risk of depression onset and is an effective treatment for mood disorders. Recent studies have reported that sedentary behavior (SB) increases the risk of depression in adults, but relationships of different types of SBs with depression have not been examined systematically. We explored longitudinal relationships of passive (e.g. watching TV) and mentally-active (e.g. office-work) SBs with incident major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS: Self-report questionnaires were completed by 40,569 Swedish adults in 1997; responses were linked to clinician-diagnosed MDD obtained from medical registers until 2010. Relationships between passive, mentally-active and total SBs with incident MDD were explored using survival analysis with Cox proportional hazards regression. Models controlled for leisure time moderate-vigorous physical activity and occupational physical activity. Moderating effects of gender were examined. RESULTS: In fully-adjusted models, including only non-depressed adults at baseline, those reporting ≥ 3 h of mentally-active SBs on a typical day (versus < 3 h) had significant lower hazards of incident MDD at follow-up (HR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.58-0.94, p = 0.018). There was a non-significant positive relationship of passive SBs with incident MDD (HR = 1.20, 95% CI = 0.96-1.52, p = 0.106). The association between total SBs (passive and mentally-active combined) was not significant (HR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.75-1.10, p = 0.36). Gender did not moderate these associations. LIMITATIONS: Physical activity and SBs were self-reported. CONCLUSION: Mentally-active SBs may have beneficial effects on adults' mental well-being. These effects are largely independent of habitual physical activity levels.
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