Carine Claeys1, Khalequ Zaman2, Ghassan Dbaibo3, Ping Li4, Allen Izu5, Pope Kosalaraksa6, Luis Rivera7, Beatriz Acosta8, Maria Luisa Arroba Basanta9, Asma Aziz2, Miguel Angel Cabanero10, Vijayalakshmi Chandrashekaran4, Bartholomew Corsaro4, Luis Cousin11, Adolfo Diaz12, Javier Diez-Domingo13, Ener Cagri Dinleyici14, Saul N Faust15, Damien Friel16, Jose Garcia-Sicilia17, Grace D Gomez-Go18, Maria Liza Antoinette Gonzales19, Stephen M Hughes20, Teresa Jackowska21, Shashi Kant22, Marilla Lucero23, Ludovic Malvaux16, Josep Mares Bermudez24, Federico Martinon-Torres25, Mariano Miranda26, May Montellano18, Maria Amor Peix Sambola27, Roman Prymula28, Thanyawee Puthanakit29, Renata Ruzkova30, Iwona Sadowska-Krawczenko31, Ignacio Salamanca de la Cueva32, Etienne Sokal33, Jyoti Soni34, Henryk Szymanski35, Angels Ulied36, Anne Schuind4, Varsha K Jain4, Bruce L Innis4. 1. GSK, Wavre, Belgium. Electronic address: carine.x.claeys@gsk.com. 2. icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 3. American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. 4. GSK, King of Prussia, PA, USA. 5. GSK, Rockville, MD, USA. 6. Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand. 7. National Autonomous University of Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. 8. Dr Castroviejo Primary Health Care Center, Madrid, Spain. 9. Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain. 10. Jaume I University and Illes Columbretes Health Center of Castellón, Castellón de la Plana, Spain. 11. Tecnologia en Investigacion, San Pedro Sula, Honduras. 12. National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 13. FISABIO-Public Health, Valencia, Spain. 14. Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey. 15. University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK. 16. GSK, Wavre, Belgium. 17. Hospital Infantil Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain. 18. Mary Chiles General Hospital, Manila, Philippines. 19. University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines. 20. Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK. 21. Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland. 22. Centre for Community Medicine, All India institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. 23. Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines. 24. Paediatric Institute Mares-Riera, Blanes, Spain. 25. Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago, Spain. 26. Hospital of Antequera, Malaga, Spain. 27. EAP Sardenya-IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain. 28. University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. 29. Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. 30. Medicentrum 6 s.r.o., Prague, Czech Republic. 31. Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland; University Hospital No 2, Bydgoszcz, Poland. 32. Instituto Hispalense de Pediatría, Sevilla, Spain. 33. Catholic University of Louvain, Cliniques Universitaires St Luc, Brussels, Belgium. 34. GSK, Bangalore, India. 35. St Hedwig of Silesia Hospital, Trzebnica, Poland. 36. EBA Centelles, Barcelona, Spain.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Despite the importance of vaccinating children younger than 5 years, few studies evaluating vaccine prevention of influenza have been reported in this age group. We evaluated efficacy of an inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (IIV4) in children aged 6-35 months. METHODS: In this phase 3, observer-blinded, multinational trial, healthy children from 13 countries in Europe, Central America, and Asia were recruited in five independent cohorts, each in a different influenza season. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to either IIV4 (15 μg haemagglutinin antigen per strain per 0·5 mL dose; a single dose on day 0 for vaccine-primed children, and two doses, on days 0 and 28, for vaccine-unprimed children) or to one or two doses of a non-influenza control vaccine. Primary endpoints were moderate-to-severe influenza or all influenza (irrespective of disease severity) confirmed by RT-PCR on nasal swabs. Cultured isolates were further characterised as antigenically matched or mismatched to vaccine strains. Efficacy was assessed in the per-protocol cohort and total vaccinated cohort (time-to-event analysis), and safety was assessed in the total vaccinated cohort. FINDINGS: Between Oct 1, 2011, and Dec 31, 2014, 12 018 children were recruited into the total vaccinated cohort (6006 children in the IIV4 group and 6012 children in the control group). 356 (6%) children in the IIV4 group and 693 (12%) children in the control group had at least one case of RT-PCR-confirmed influenza. Of these 1049 influenza strains, 138 (13%) were A/H1N1, 529 (50%) were A/H3N2, 69 (7%) were B/Victoria, and 316 (30%) were B/Yamagata. Overall, 539 (64%) of 848 antigenically characterised isolates were vaccine-mismatched (16 [15%] of 105 for A/H1N1; 368 [97%] of 378 for A/H3N2; 54 [86%] of 63 for B/Victoria; 101 [33%] of 302 for B/Yamagata). Vaccine efficacy was 63% (97·5% CI 52-72) against moderate-to-severe influenza and 50% (42-57) against all influenza in the per-protocol cohort, and 64% (53-73) against moderate-to-severe influenza and 50% (42-57) against all influenza in the total vaccinated cohort. There were no clinically meaningful safety differences between IIV4 and control. INTERPRETATION: IIV4 prevented influenza A and B in children aged 6-35 months despite high levels of vaccine mismatch. Vaccine efficacy was highest against moderate-to-severe disease, which is the most clinically important endpoint associated with greatest burden. FUNDING: GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA.
RCT Entities:
BACKGROUND: Despite the importance of vaccinating children younger than 5 years, few studies evaluating vaccine prevention of influenza have been reported in this age group. We evaluated efficacy of an inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (IIV4) in children aged 6-35 months. METHODS: In this phase 3, observer-blinded, multinational trial, healthy children from 13 countries in Europe, Central America, and Asia were recruited in five independent cohorts, each in a different influenza season. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to either IIV4 (15 μg haemagglutinin antigen per strain per 0·5 mL dose; a single dose on day 0 for vaccine-primed children, and two doses, on days 0 and 28, for vaccine-unprimed children) or to one or two doses of a non-influenza control vaccine. Primary endpoints were moderate-to-severe influenza or all influenza (irrespective of disease severity) confirmed by RT-PCR on nasal swabs. Cultured isolates were further characterised as antigenically matched or mismatched to vaccine strains. Efficacy was assessed in the per-protocol cohort and total vaccinated cohort (time-to-event analysis), and safety was assessed in the total vaccinated cohort. FINDINGS: Between Oct 1, 2011, and Dec 31, 2014, 12 018 children were recruited into the total vaccinated cohort (6006 children in the IIV4 group and 6012 children in the control group). 356 (6%) children in the IIV4 group and 693 (12%) children in the control group had at least one case of RT-PCR-confirmed influenza. Of these 1049 influenza strains, 138 (13%) were A/H1N1, 529 (50%) were A/H3N2, 69 (7%) were B/Victoria, and 316 (30%) were B/Yamagata. Overall, 539 (64%) of 848 antigenically characterised isolates were vaccine-mismatched (16 [15%] of 105 for A/H1N1; 368 [97%] of 378 for A/H3N2; 54 [86%] of 63 for B/Victoria; 101 [33%] of 302 for B/Yamagata). Vaccine efficacy was 63% (97·5% CI 52-72) against moderate-to-severe influenza and 50% (42-57) against all influenza in the per-protocol cohort, and 64% (53-73) against moderate-to-severe influenza and 50% (42-57) against all influenza in the total vaccinated cohort. There were no clinically meaningful safety differences between IIV4 and control. INTERPRETATION: IIV4 prevented influenza A and B in children aged 6-35 months despite high levels of vaccine mismatch. Vaccine efficacy was highest against moderate-to-severe disease, which is the most clinically important endpoint associated with greatest burden. FUNDING: GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA.
Authors: Sara Boccalini; Elena Pariani; Giovanna Elisa Calabrò; Chiara DE Waure; Donatella Panatto; Daniela Amicizia; Piero Luigi Lai; Caterina Rizzo; Emanuele Amodio; Francesco Vitale; Alessandra Casuccio; Maria Luisa DI Pietro; Cristina Galli; Laura Bubba; Laura Pellegrinelli; Leonardo Villani; Floriana D'Ambrosio; Marta Caminiti; Elisa Lorenzini; Paola Fioretti; Rosanna Tindara Micale; Davide Frumento; Elisa Cantova; Flavio Parente; Giacomo Trento; Sara Sottile; Andrea Pugliese; Massimiliano Alberto Biamonte; Duccio Giorgetti; Marco Menicacci; Antonio D'Anna; Claudia Ammoscato; Emanuele LA Gatta; Angela Bechini; Paolo Bonanni Journal: J Prev Med Hyg Date: 2021-09-10
Authors: Aldiouma Diallo; Ousmane M Diop; Doudou Diop; Mbayame Nd Niang; Jonathan D Sugimoto; Justin R Ortiz; El Hadji Abdourahmane Faye; Bou Diarra; Deborah Goudiaby; Kristen D C Lewis; Shannon L Emery; Sahar Z Zangeneh; Kathryn E Lafond; Cheikh Sokhna; M Elizabeth Halloran; Marc-Alain Widdowson; Kathleen M Neuzil; John C Victor Journal: Clin Infect Dis Date: 2019-10-30 Impact factor: 9.079
Authors: Lisa A Grohskopf; Leslie Z Sokolow; Karen R Broder; Emmanuel B Walter; Alicia M Fry; Daniel B Jernigan Journal: MMWR Recomm Rep Date: 2018-08-24