High-Resolution Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Virome in Wastewater Treatment Systems.

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered reservoirs of viruses, but the diversity and dynamic changes of viruses are not well understood. In this study, we recovered 8478 metagenomic viral contigs (mVCs; >5 kb) from two WWTPs (Shatin, 2806; Shek Wu Hui, 5672) in Hong Kong. Approximately 60% of the mVCs were poorly covered (<35% of genes in identified mVCs) by the current NCBI and IMG/VR viral databases. The temporal profile of the newly identified mVCs among 98 Shatin AS samples collected monthly (for approximately 9 years) revealed the presence of periodic dynamics at an interval of approximately one year (341 days). The spatial distribution pattern of the virome in the wastewater treatment systems showed that shared viral clusters (viral populations categorized based on shared gene content and network analysis) can be globally found among similar samples of wastewater treatment systems, indicating the presence of core viral communities among geographically isolated wastewater treatment systems. These results not only supplemented the current virome database of engineered systems but also, to some extent, expanded the understanding of long-term cyclical development and spatial distributions of viral communities in wastewater treatment systems.