Sequential Zonal Chondrogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Cartilage Matrices.

IMPACT STATEMENT: The higher regenerative capacity of fetal articular cartilage compared with the adult is rooted in differences in cell density and matrix composition. We hypothesized that the zonal organization of articular cartilage can be engineered by encapsulation of mesenchymal stem cells in a single superficial zone-like matrix followed by sequential addition of zone-specific growth factors within the matrix, similar to the process of fetal cartilage development. The results demonstrate that the zonal organization of articular cartilage can potentially be regenerated using an injectable, monolayer cell-laden hydrogel with sequential release of growth factors.