Exposure of cadmium via smoking and drinking water on zinc levels of biological samples of malnutrition pregnant women: A prospective cohort study.

In present study, the interaction of a toxic (cadmium) and essential element (zinc) was determined in scalp hair of pregnant and non-pregnant women resident in a rural area of Thraparkar, Pakistan, where malnutrition is prevalent. In the malnourished group (pregnant and nonpregnant women), deficiency of the essential element (zinc) due to malnutrition and exposure of toxic metal (cadmium) via non-branded cigarette smoking and drinking groundwater were carried out. For comparative purposes, scalp hair samples were also collected from pregnant and non-pregnant women, residing in Hyderabad city, consuming municipal treated drinking water and smoking branded cigarette, termed as the reference group. The domestic treated and ground water, as well as the branded and non-branding cigarettes were analysed for cadmium (Cd). Whereas Zinc (Zn) and Cd were determined in scalp hair samples of malnutrioned and reference women. The groundwater indicated 5 to 12 fold higher levels of Cd than the WHO recommended value in drinking water. Whereas the content of Cd in locally made non-branded cigarettes was found to be two fold higher than branded cigarettes. These data indicate that the malnourished pregnant and non-pregnant smokers women group had three to four times higher levels of Cd in their scalp hair samples than those values obtained for reference non smokers. Whereas, the content of Zn in scalp hair samples of the reference women was ∼20% higher than the malnourished group.