Turn-on fluorometric immunosensor for diethylstilbestrol based on the use of air-stable polydopamine-functionalized black phosphorus and upconversion nanoparticles.

The preparation of air-stable black phosphorus (BP) is challenging because atomic layers of BP degrade rapidly on exposure to oxygen. A strategy is presented for the synthesis of BP functionalized with polydopamine (PDA/BP). Dopamine was self-polymerized to yield polydopamine (PDA) which then was used to coat the surface of BP. PDA can be easily reduced and this prevents BP degradation. PDA/BP also is a viable matrix for the adsorption of proteins due to the presence of functional groups. Without any chemical activation, diethylstilbestrol (DES)-specific monoclonal antibody was adsorbed on the PDA/BP surface. PDA/BP quenches the fluorescence antigen-modified NaYF4:Yb,Ho,Nd upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs; photoexcited at 808 nm) via specific immuno recognition. Exposure to DES causes the dissociation of UCNP from the PDA/BP surface and fluorescence at 475, 525, 545 and 660 nm to recover. This is due to the DES competition with antigen for binding to the antibody. Based on this competitive immuno mechanism, a turn-on fluorometric immunoassay was constructed. It has a response that covers the 0.1 to 1000 ng mL-1 DES concentration range with a detection limit of 83 pg mL-1. This method was successfully applied to the determination of DES in spiked food and human urine samples. Graphical abstract Air-stable polydopamine-functionalized black phosphorus was obtained by modification of black phosphorus with polydopamine and then was coupled with specific monoclonal antibody. Combined with antigen-modified upconversion nanoparticles, a turn-on fluorometric immunoassay was constructed to detect diethylstilbestrol.