Spectral and morphological characteristics of synthetic nanophase iron (oxyhydr)oxides.

Nanophase iron (oxyhydr)oxides are ubiquitous on Earth, globally distributed on Mars, and likely present on numerous other rocky solar system bodies. They are often structurally and, therefore, spectrally distinct from iron (oxyhydr)oxide bulk phases. Because their spectra vary with grain size, they can be difficult to identify or distinguish unless multiple analysis techniques are used in tandem. Yet, most literature reports fail to use multiple techniques or adequately parameterize sample morphology, making it difficult to understand how morphology affects spectral characteristics across techniques. Here, we present transmission electron microscopy, Raman, visible and near-infrared, and mid-infrared attenuated total reflectance data on synthetic, nanophase akaganéite, lepidocrocite, goethite, hematite, ferrihydrite, magnetite, and maghemite. Feature positions are tabulated and compared to those for bulk (oxyhydr)oxides and other nanophase iron (oxyhydr)oxides from the literature. The utility and limitations of each technique in analyzing nanophase iron (oxyhydr)oxides are discussed. Raman, mid-infrared, and visible near-infrared spectra show broadening, loss of some spectral features, and shifted positions compared to bulk phases. Raman and mid-infrared spectroscopies are useful in identifying and distinguishing akaganéite, lepidocrocite, goethite, and hematite, though ferrihydrite, magnetite, and maghemite have overlapped band positions. Visible near-infrared spectroscopy can identify and distinguish among ferrihydrite, magnetite, and maghemite in pure spectra, though akaganéite, lepidocrocite, and goethite can have overlapping bands. It is clear from this work that further understanding of variable spectral features in nanophase iron (oxyhydr)oxides must await additional studies to robustly assess effects of morphology. This study establishes a template for future work.