Exosome Biochemistry and Advanced Nanotechnology for Next-Generation Theranostic Platforms.

Recent marked technological advances in the field of exosome nanotechnology have provided unprecedented opportunities to bloom the developments of exosome-related biology, chemistry, pathology, and therapeutics, which have laid a solid basis for scientific community to design exosome-based nanotheranostic platforms. The unique structural/compositional/morphological characteristics of exosomes as natural nanocarriers, as well as their fascinating physicochemical/biochemical properties, which underpin their special physiopathological roles, have triggered the concept that these cell-derived nanovesicles with intrinsic biological functions can be highly competent for the establishment of next-generation nanomedicine. Herein, efforts are made to give a comprehensive overview on the recent advances of exosome nanotechnology based on the representative examples of the current state of the art of exosome-based research, ranging from their formation, biological function, preparation, and characterization to their extensive nanomedical applications. It is highly expected that the better and clearer elucidation of the fundamental principles for advanced nanotechnology in constructing exosome-based theranostic nanoplatforms, as well as integrating the intrinsic advantages of exosomes as endogenous cell-derived nanocarriers with the advanced design methodology of traditional nanomedicine, will help to unlock the innate powers of exosomes for the establishment of next-generation theranostic nanoplatforms.