Receptor-mediated actions of corticotropin-releasing factor in pituitary gland and nervous system.

High-affinity corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors which mediate the actions of the hypothalamic peptide on adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release have been identified in the rat anterior pituitary gland. Occupancy of the pituitary receptor by CRF agonists stimulates ACTH release via activation of adenylate cyclase and cyclic adenosine monophosphate dependent protein kinase. In the regulation of ACTH secretion, the effects of CRF on the corticotroph are integrated with the stimulatory actions of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-independent stimuli such as angiotensin II, vasopressin and norepinephrine, and the inhibitory effects of glucocorticoids and somatostatin. In contrast to the major importance of the inhibitory effect of glucocorticoid feedback on ACTH secretion, somatostatin has relatively little effect on CRF-stimulated ACTH release in the normal rat corticotroph. Following adrenalectomy, the progressive elevation of plasma ACTH levels is accompanied by a concomitant decrease in pituitary CRF receptors. The postadrenalectomy loss of CRF receptors, which is prevented by dexamethasone treatment, is caused by a combination of occupancy and processing of the pituitary sites during increased secretion of the hypothalamic peptide. Recently, specific receptors for CRF have been localized in the rat and monkey brain and adrenal medulla, where they are also coupled to adenylate cyclase. Brain CRF receptors are most abundant in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices and in structures related to the limbic system and control of the autonomic nervous system. The actions of CRF on the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as on the pituitary gland, emphasize the role of CRF as a key hormone in the integrated response to stress.