Acne fulminans associated with lymecycline intake: a case report.

Acne fulminans (AF) is a rare acne variant characterized by sudden onset of painful nodules on the face, chest, and back in the presence of systemic symptoms. Pharmacologic agents such as steroid hormones and isotretinoin are well-known triggers, and several cases have been described. We report a case of AF occurring a few days after lymecycline therapy initiation.

Introduction

Acne represents a very common condition among the adolescents. While mild forms can be regarded simply as an aesthetic problem, severe forms impact deeply the patients quality of life.

Treatment is currently based on a multi-step approach depending on severity disease and tendency to develop scars. Paradoxically, the same drugs used to treat this condition can induce a dramatic worsening in patients suffering from a preexiting nodular acne.1 Drug induced-acne fulminans manifests with the abrupt onset of several ulcerated nodules accompanied by fever and polyarthralgias, few days or weeks after a pharmacological therapy initiation.

Isotretinoin, currently the drug of choice for the treatment of severe acne, represents the most common eliciting drug in this clinical setting.1

Rarely, also antibiotic agents have been reported as pharmacological triggers.

Case presentation

A 15-year-old patient was referred to our department because of a nodular acne involving chest and back, associated with atrophic scars. The patient presented with good general health conditions, with neither personal nor family history of severe acne, endocrine, or rheumatologic disorders. Furthermore, he denied intake of medications which may cause acne vulgaris or acneiform eruptions development, including steroids, lithium, phenytoin, isoniazid, and B-complex vitamins. According to disease severity, systemic antibiotic therapy (lymecycline 300 mg daily for 8 weeks) was prescribed. After 4 days of treatment, a dramatic onset of multiple painful, ulcerated nodules on the trunk (Figure 1), associated with mild fever, headache, and diffuse arthralgias, occurred. Blood tests revealed a white blood count of 11.460/mm2 and an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 45 mm/h, without any other abnormality. Despite joint pain, rheumatologic examination showed an absence of functional impairment, and ultrasonographic imaging of the right knee and the left shoulder revealed no significant alterations. Based on clinical and laboratory findings, diagnosis of acne fulminans (AF) was made. Lymecycline was withdrawn, and corticosteroid therapy (prednisone 0.7 mg/kg/day) introduced. After 3 weeks, a global improvement was observed. In order to taper down corticosteroid dosage, isotretinoin was introduced at an escalating dose starting from 0.3 mg/kg/day up to 0.7 mg/kg/day, combined with low-dose (0.5–0.3 mg/kg/day) prednisone, which was gradually reduced over an 8-week period. After 16 weeks, once the isotretinoin cumulative dose was 90 mg/kg and the inflammatory lesions had almost completely resolved in atrophic scars (Figure 2), retinoid therapy was withdrawn. At the 6-month follow-up visit, no signs of relapse were reported, while atrophic scars had turned into keloids (Figure 3).

Figure 1

A few days after starting lymecycline for nodular acne of the trunk, a dramatic worsening of the clinical picture, with the occurrence of multiple, painful ulcerated nodules on the chest (A) and shoulders (B) associated with malaise and arthralgias, was observed.

Figure 2

Regression of inflammatory nodules after 16-week isotretinoin treatment resulting in atrophic scars.

Figure 3

At follow-up visit 6 months after therapy cessation, no sign of relapse was observed. Some keloid scars developed on the chest (A) and shoulders (B).

Consent

The patient and his parents gave their written informed consent for the publication of images and information.

Discussion

AF is a rare variant of acne characterized by sudden onset of painful nodules on the face, chest, and back in the presence of systemic symptoms, such as fever, headache, malaise, arthralgias, and myalgias.1 When these latter symptoms are not present and cutaneous signs dominate the clinical picture, some authors prefer to define this condition as “pseudo acne fulminans” or “acne fulminans sine fulminans”.1

Etiopathogenesis is not completely elucidated, though progress in the understanding of pathogenic mechanisms has demonstrated that sebocytes largely contribute to the normal function of skin barrier, and play an important role in skin innate immunity and detoxification.2 Many factors control sebaceous gland function in physiologic and pathologic conditions, such as sex steroids, growth factors, neuropeptides, antimicrobial peptides, and adipokines that may influence sebaceous gland biology by binding with several receptors located on the lipidic membrane.2

It has been proposed that genetic, immunologic, and hormonal mechanisms, especially androgens influence, may have a role in AF pathogenesis. This hypothesis is supported by the epidemiologic datum: indeed, male adolescents between 14 and 17 years represent the most susceptible population, probably because of the intense secretion of androgens that characterizes this subset. Moreover, AF has been described as a rare complication of high-dose testosterone therapy in adolescents with a hereditary tall stature3 such as in bodybuilders following abuse of anabolic hormones.4

It also represents a rare complication of isotretinoin treatment. Isotretinoin is supposed to induce fragility of the pilosebaceous duct, thus exposing a great amount of Propionibacterium acne antigens to the immune system. This phenomenon may lead, in some individuals (mostly male adolescents), to an exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction of types III and IV, and dramatic worsening of acne associated with systemic involvement of variable entity.5

Although isotretinoin is the most frequent trigger in drug-induced forms, antibiotics (i.e., tetracycline, erythromycin, and pristinamycin) have been occasionally mentioned as causative agents in some patients.6,7

Lymecycline belongs to the tetracycline antibiotics group and is largely prescribed to treat inflammatory forms of acne.8 Because of bactericidal and bacteriostatic action against P. acnes, anti-inflammatory properties, and an excellent safety profile, this drug is currently used as first choice when a systemic antibiotic therapy is required.

Nowadays, cases reporting lymecycline as a trigger of AF are not present in the literature. Considering (i) previous (though anecdotal) reports linking antibiotics to AF, (ii) close temporal relationship between treatment initiation and worsening of the clinical picture, and (iii) prompt improvement following drug discontinuation and the relatively benign course in the following weeks, the association between lymecycline intake and the onset of AF might be indicated.

In conclusion, AF represents a rare, dramatic, disabling acne variant occurring especially in young male individuals, characterized by sudden worsening of acne, with onset of nodular, ulcerative lesions associated with systemic symptoms and usually healing with scars. Because AF occurrence may be rarely related to the use of antibiotic agents, such as tetracycline, erythromycin, and pristinamycin, we sought to report the association with lymecycline use.