Ibrahim Olanrewaju Alade1, Aliyu Bagudu2, Tajudeen A Oyehan3, Mohd Amiruddin Abd Rahman4, Tawfik A Saleh5, Sunday Olusanya Olatunji6. 1. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia; College of Industrial Management, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia. 2. College of Computer Science and Information Technology, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia. 3. Geosciences Department, College of Petroleum & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia. 4. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia. 5. Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: tawfik@kfupm.edu.sa. 6. Department of Computer Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The refractive index of hemoglobin plays important role in hematology due to its strong correlation with the pathophysiology of different diseases. Measurement of the real part of the refractive index remains a challenge due to strong absorption of the hemoglobin especially at relevant high physiological concentrations. So far, only a few studies on direct measurement of refractive index have been reported and there are no firm agreements on the reported values of refractive index of hemoglobin due to measurement artifacts. In addition, it is time consuming, laborious and expensive to perform several experiments to obtain the refractive index of hemoglobin. In this work, we proposed a very rapid and accurate computational intelligent approach using Genetic Algorithm/Support Vector Regression models to estimate the real part of the refractive index for oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin samples. METHODS: These models utilized experimental data of wavelengths and hemoglobin concentrations in building highly accurate Genetic Algorithm/Support Vector Regression model (GA-SVR). RESULTS: The developed methodology showed high accuracy as indicated by the low root mean square error values of 4.65 × 10-4 and 4.62 × 10-4 for oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin, respectively. In addition, the models exhibited 99.85 and 99.84% correlation coefficients (r) for the oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin, thus, validating the strong agreement between the predicted and the experimental results CONCLUSIONS: Due to the accuracy and relative simplicity of the proposed models, we envisage that these models would serve as important references for future studies on optical properties of blood.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The refractive index of hemoglobin plays important role in hematology due to its strong correlation with the pathophysiology of different diseases. Measurement of the real part of the refractive index remains a challenge due to strong absorption of the hemoglobin especially at relevant high physiological concentrations. So far, only a few studies on direct measurement of refractive index have been reported and there are no firm agreements on the reported values of refractive index of hemoglobin due to measurement artifacts. In addition, it is time consuming, laborious and expensive to perform several experiments to obtain the refractive index of hemoglobin. In this work, we proposed a very rapid and accurate computational intelligent approach using Genetic Algorithm/Support Vector Regression models to estimate the real part of the refractive index for oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin samples. METHODS: These models utilized experimental data of wavelengths and hemoglobin concentrations in building highly accurate Genetic Algorithm/Support Vector Regression model (GA-SVR). RESULTS: The developed methodology showed high accuracy as indicated by the low root mean square error values of 4.65 × 10-4 and 4.62 × 10-4 for oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin, respectively. In addition, the models exhibited 99.85 and 99.84% correlation coefficients (r) for the oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin, thus, validating the strong agreement between the predicted and the experimental results CONCLUSIONS: Due to the accuracy and relative simplicity of the proposed models, we envisage that these models would serve as important references for future studies on optical properties of blood.
Authors: Kaffayatullah Khan; Fazal E Jalal; Mohsin Ali Khan; Babatunde Abiodun Salami; Muhammad Nasir Amin; Anas Abdulalim Alabdullah; Qazi Samiullah; Abdullah Mohammad Abu Arab; Muhammad Iftikhar Faraz; Mudassir Iqbal Journal: Materials (Basel) Date: 2022-06-21 Impact factor: 3.748