Gudrun Weinmayr1, Marie Pedersen2, Massimo Stafoggia3, Zorana J Andersen4, Claudia Galassi5, Jule Munkenast6, Andrea Jaensch6, Bente Oftedal7, Norun H Krog7, Geir Aamodt8, Andrei Pyko9, Göran Pershagen9, Michal Korek9, Ulf De Faire9, Nancy L Pedersen10, Claes-Göran Östenson11, Debora Rizzuto12, Mette Sørensen13, Anne Tjønneland13, Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita14, Roel Vermeulen15, Marloes Eeftens16, Hans Concin17, Alois Lang18, Meng Wang19, Ming-Yi Tsai20, Fulvio Ricceri21, Carlotta Sacerdote5, Andrea Ranzi22, Giulia Cesaroni23, Francesco Forastiere23, Kees de Hoogh24, Rob Beelen25, Paolo Vineis26, Ingeborg Kooter27, Ranjeet Sokhi28, Bert Brunekreef29, Gerard Hoek30, Ole Raaschou-Nielsen31, Gabriele Nagel32. 1. Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany. Electronic address: gudrun.weinmayr@uni-ulm.de. 2. Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark. 3. Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. 4. Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 5. Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital and Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO), Turin, Italy. 6. Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany. 7. Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway. 8. Department of Public Health Science, LANDSAM, NMBU, Ås, Norway. 9. Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. 10. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. 11. Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. 12. Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology Care Science and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. 13. The Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark. 14. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK. 15. Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands. 16. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. 17. Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Bregenz (aks), Austria. 18. Vorarlberg cancer registry; Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Bregenz (aks), Austria. 19. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. 20. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. 21. Unit of Epidemiology, Regional Health Service ASL TO3, Grugliasco, Italy; Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy. 22. Environmental Health Reference Centre, Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention of Emilia-Romagna, Modena, Italy. 23. Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy. 24. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. 25. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands. 26. Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Molecular end Epidemiology Unit, HuGeF, Human Genetics Foundation, Torino, Italy. 27. Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands. 28. Centre for Atmospheric and Climate Physics Research (CACP), University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK. 29. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands. 30. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands. 31. The Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark. 32. Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Bregenz (aks), Austria.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Previous analysis from the large European multicentre ESCAPE study showed an association of ambient particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM2.5) air pollution exposure at residence with the incidence of gastric cancer. It is unclear which components of PM are most relevant for gastric and also upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancer and some of them may not be strongly correlated with PM mass. We evaluated the association between long-term exposure to elemental components of PM2.5 and PM10 and gastric and UADT cancer incidence in European adults. METHODS: Baseline addresses of individuals were geocoded and exposure was assessed by land-use regression models for copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) representing non-tailpipe traffic emissions; sulphur (S) indicating long-range transport; nickel (Ni) and vanadium (V) for mixed oil-burning and industry; silicon (Si) for crustal material and potassium (K) for biomass burning. Cox regression models with adjustment for potential confounders were used for cohort-specific analyses. Combined estimates were determined with random effects meta-analyses. RESULTS: Ten cohorts in six countries contributed data on 227,044 individuals with an average follow-up of 14.9 years with 633 incident cases of gastric cancer and 763 of UADT cancer. The combined hazard ratio (HR) for an increase of 200 ng/m3 of PM2.5_S was 1.92 (95%-confidence interval (95%-CI) 1.13;3.27) for gastric cancer, with no indication of heterogeneity between cohorts (I2 = 0%), and 1.63 (95%-CI 0.88;3.01) for PM2.5_Zn (I2 = 70%). For the other elements in PM2.5 and all elements in PM10 including PM10_S, non-significant HRs between 0.78 and 1.21 with mostly wide CIs were seen. No association was found between any of the elements and UADT cancer. The HR for PM2.5_S and gastric cancer was robust to adjustment for additional factors, including diet, and restriction to study participants with stable addresses over follow-up resulted in slightly higher effect estimates with a decrease in precision. In a two-pollutant model, the effect estimate for total PM2.5 decreased whereas that for PM2.5_S was robust. CONCLUSION: This large multicentre cohort study shows a robust association between gastric cancer and long-term exposure to PM2.5_S but not PM10_S, suggesting that S in PM2.5 or correlated air pollutants may contribute to the risk of gastric cancer.
INTRODUCTION: Previous analysis from the large European multicentre ESCAPE study showed an association of ambient particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM2.5) air pollution exposure at residence with the incidence of gastric cancer. It is unclear which components of PM are most relevant for gastric and also upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancer and some of them may not be strongly correlated with PM mass. We evaluated the association between long-term exposure to elemental components of PM2.5 and PM10 and gastric and UADT cancer incidence in European adults. METHODS: Baseline addresses of individuals were geocoded and exposure was assessed by land-use regression models for copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) representing non-tailpipe traffic emissions; sulphur (S) indicating long-range transport; nickel (Ni) and vanadium (V) for mixed oil-burning and industry; silicon (Si) for crustal material and potassium (K) for biomass burning. Cox regression models with adjustment for potential confounders were used for cohort-specific analyses. Combined estimates were determined with random effects meta-analyses. RESULTS: Ten cohorts in six countries contributed data on 227,044 individuals with an average follow-up of 14.9 years with 633 incident cases of gastric cancer and 763 of UADT cancer. The combined hazard ratio (HR) for an increase of 200 ng/m3 of PM2.5_S was 1.92 (95%-confidence interval (95%-CI) 1.13;3.27) for gastric cancer, with no indication of heterogeneity between cohorts (I2 = 0%), and 1.63 (95%-CI 0.88;3.01) for PM2.5_Zn (I2 = 70%). For the other elements in PM2.5 and all elements in PM10 including PM10_S, non-significant HRs between 0.78 and 1.21 with mostly wide CIs were seen. No association was found between any of the elements and UADT cancer. The HR for PM2.5_S and gastric cancer was robust to adjustment for additional factors, including diet, and restriction to study participants with stable addresses over follow-up resulted in slightly higher effect estimates with a decrease in precision. In a two-pollutant model, the effect estimate for total PM2.5 decreased whereas that for PM2.5_S was robust. CONCLUSION: This large multicentre cohort study shows a robust association between gastric cancer and long-term exposure to PM2.5_S but not PM10_S, suggesting that S in PM2.5 or correlated air pollutants may contribute to the risk of gastric cancer.
Authors: Natalie Pritchett; Emily C Spangler; George M Gray; Alicia A Livinski; Joshua N Sampson; Sanford M Dawsey; Rena R Jones Journal: Environ Health Perspect Date: 2022-03-02 Impact factor: 9.031
Authors: Savino Sciascia; Gregory Winston Gilcrease; Lorenzo Roccatello; Dario Padovan; Cristiana Peano; Fulvio Ricceri Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2022-08-04 Impact factor: 4.614
Authors: Michelle C Turner; Zorana J Andersen; Andrea Baccarelli; W Ryan Diver; Susan M Gapstur; C Arden Pope; Diddier Prada; Jonathan Samet; George Thurston; Aaron Cohen Journal: CA Cancer J Clin Date: 2020-08-25 Impact factor: 508.702