Andrea Bulbena-Cabre1,2,3, Anahita Bassir Nia1, M Mercedes Perez-Rodriguez4,5,6. 1. Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA. 2. Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA. 3. Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. 4. Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA. mercedes.perez@mssm.edu. 5. Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA. mercedes.perez@mssm.edu. 6. Centro de Investigación en red de Salud Mental, (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain. mercedes.perez@mssm.edu.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We review the existing literature on gene-environment interactions (G×E) and epigenetic changes primarily in borderline personality disorder (BPD) but also in antisocial, schizotypal, and avoidant personality disorders. RECENT FINDINGS: Research supports that susceptibility genes to BPD or its underlying traits may be expressed under certain environmental conditions such as physical or childhood sexual abuse. Epigenetic modifications of neurodevelopment- and stress-related genes are suggested to underlie the relationship between early life adversary and borderline personality disorder. Only limited studies have investigated the role of gene-environment interactions and epigenetic changes in the genesis of antisocial, schizotypal, and avoidant personality disorders. Considering the lack of pharmacological treatment for most personality disorders, the emerging evidence on the critical role of G×E and epigenetic changes in the genesis of personality disorders could help develop more biologically oriented therapeutic approaches. Future studies should explore the potential of this new therapeutic dimension.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We review the existing literature on gene-environment interactions (G×E) and epigenetic changes primarily in borderline personality disorder (BPD) but also in antisocial, schizotypal, and avoidant personality disorders. RECENT FINDINGS: Research supports that susceptibility genes to BPD or its underlying traits may be expressed under certain environmental conditions such as physical or childhood sexual abuse. Epigenetic modifications of neurodevelopment- and stress-related genes are suggested to underlie the relationship between early life adversary and borderline personality disorder. Only limited studies have investigated the role of gene-environment interactions and epigenetic changes in the genesis of antisocial, schizotypal, and avoidant personality disorders. Considering the lack of pharmacological treatment for most personality disorders, the emerging evidence on the critical role of G×E and epigenetic changes in the genesis of personality disorders could help develop more biologically oriented therapeutic approaches. Future studies should explore the potential of this new therapeutic dimension.
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