A V Hauger1, A Bergland2, K Holvik3, A Ståhle4,5, N Emaus6, B H Strand3,7,8. 1. Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, OsloMet - storbyuniversitetet Postboks 4 St. Olavs plass, 0130, Oslo, Norway. anvoha@oslomet.no. 2. Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, OsloMet - storbyuniversitetet Postboks 4 St. Olavs plass, 0130, Oslo, Norway. 3. Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Marcus Thranes gate 6, 0473, Oslo, Norway. 4. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Physiotherapy, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé 23, 14183, Huddinge, Sweden. 5. Function Area Occupational Therapy & Physiotherapy, Allied Health Professionals Function, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. 6. Department of Health and Care Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway. 7. Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Aging and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway. 8. Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Abstract
Low bone mineral density (BMD) gives an increased risk of fractures, which can lead to premature death. Can BMD of the wrist predict mortality? BMD consistent with osteopenia and osteoporosis gave a significantly increased risk of death for both men and women in a general population in Tromsø, Norway. INTRODUCTION: To investigate if bone mineral density (BMD) levels of the distal forearm, consistent with osteopenia and osteoporosis, can predict mortality and if grip strength is an effect modifier. METHODS: The study population constituted 6565 participants aged 50-79 years at baseline in the Tromsø Study wave 4 conducted in 1994-1995. Forearm BMD measured by SXA was categorized as "normal," "osteopenia," or "osteoporosis" following WHO's definition. Cox regression with all-cause mortality as the outcome over 22 years of follow-up was performed for men and women separately, adjusting for health-related factors, as well as BMD by grip strength interaction. A secondary analysis with a 15-year follow-up also adjusted for hip fractures and osteoporotic fractures. RESULTS: During follow-up, 3176 of participants died (47%). Those categorized as osteoporotic had higher mortality hazard ratio (HR) compared to those with normal BMD; men HR = 1.37 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19, 1.58) and women HR = 1.32 (1.14, 1.53) were adjusted for age, body mass index, physical activity, smoking habits, education, health status, chronic diseases, and grip strength. Corresponding HRs for osteopenia were men HR = 1.13 (1.00, 1.27) and women HR = 1.17 (1.01, 1.35). Further adjustments for fractures did only marginally attenuate the results, and HRs were still significant. There was no grip strength by BMD interaction. CONCLUSION: Men and women with low distal forearm BMD values, consistent with osteoporosis or osteopenia, had an increased mortality compared to normal BMD participants. High grip strength did not modify this association, and the association remained after adjustment for a range of health-related factors.
Low bone mineral density (BMD) gives an increased risk of fractures, which can lead to premature death. Can BMD of the wrist predict mortality? BMD consistent with osteopenia and osteoporosis gave a significantly increased risk of death for both men and women in a general population in Tromsø, Norway. INTRODUCTION: To investigate if bone mineral density (BMD) levels of the distal forearm, consistent with osteopenia and osteoporosis, can predict mortality and if grip strength is an effect modifier. METHODS: The study population constituted 6565 participants aged 50-79 years at baseline in the Tromsø Study wave 4 conducted in 1994-1995. Forearm BMD measured by SXA was categorized as "normal," "osteopenia," or "osteoporosis" following WHO's definition. Cox regression with all-cause mortality as the outcome over 22 years of follow-up was performed for men and women separately, adjusting for health-related factors, as well as BMD by grip strength interaction. A secondary analysis with a 15-year follow-up also adjusted for hip fractures and osteoporotic fractures. RESULTS: During follow-up, 3176 of participants died (47%). Those categorized as osteoporotic had higher mortality hazard ratio (HR) compared to those with normal BMD; men HR = 1.37 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19, 1.58) and women HR = 1.32 (1.14, 1.53) were adjusted for age, body mass index, physical activity, smoking habits, education, health status, chronic diseases, and grip strength. Corresponding HRs for osteopenia were men HR = 1.13 (1.00, 1.27) and women HR = 1.17 (1.01, 1.35). Further adjustments for fractures did only marginally attenuate the results, and HRs were still significant. There was no grip strength by BMD interaction. CONCLUSION:Men and women with low distal forearm BMD values, consistent with osteoporosis or osteopenia, had an increased mortality compared to normal BMD participants. High grip strength did not modify this association, and the association remained after adjustment for a range of health-related factors.
Entities:
Keywords:
Bone mineral density; Grip strength; Hip fracture; Mortality; Osteopenia; Osteoporosis
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