Aneil Malhotra1, Harshil Dhutia1, Gherardo Finocchiaro1, Sabiha Gati1, Ian Beasley1, Paul Clift1, Charlotte Cowie1, Antoinette Kenny1, Jamil Mayet1, David Oxborough1, Kiran Patel1, Guido Pieles1, Dhrubo Rakhit1, David Ramsdale1, Leonard Shapiro1, John Somauroo1, Graham Stuart1, Amanda Varnava1, John Walsh1, Zaheer Yousef1, Maite Tome1, Michael Papadakis1, Sanjay Sharma1. 1. From the Cardiology Clinical Academic Group, St. George's, University of London (A.M., H.D., G.F., S.G., M.T., M.P., S.S.), the Department of Sports Medicine, Bartholomew's and London Hospital (I.B.), and the Department of Cardiology, Imperial College NHS Trust (J.M., A.V.), London, the Football Association, Burton Upon Trent (A.M., C.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham (P.C.), the Department of Cardiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne (A.K.), the Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University (D.O., J.S.), and the Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital (D. Ramsdale), Liverpool, the Department of Cardiology, Good Hope Hospital, Sutton Coldfield (K.P.), Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol (G.P., G.S.), University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D. Rakhit), the Department of Cardiology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth (L.S.), Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham (J.W.), and the University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff (Z.Y.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Reports on the incidence and causes of sudden cardiac death among young athletes have relied largely on estimated rates of participation and varied methods of reporting. We sought to investigate the incidence and causes of sudden cardiac death among adolescent soccer players in the United Kingdom. METHODS: From 1996 through 2016, we screened 11,168 adolescent athletes with a mean (±SD) age of 16.4±1.2 years (95% of whom were male) in the English Football Association (FA) cardiac screening program, which consisted of a health questionnaire, physical examination, electrocardiography, and echocardiography. The FA registry was interrogated to identify sudden cardiac deaths, which were confirmed with autopsy reports. RESULTS: During screening, 42 athletes (0.38%) were found to have cardiac disorders that are associated with sudden cardiac death. A further 225 athletes (2%) with congenital or valvular abnormalities were identified. After screening, there were 23 deaths from any cause, of which 8 (35%) were sudden deaths attributed to cardiac disease. Cardiomyopathy accounted for 7 of 8 sudden cardiac deaths (88%). Six athletes (75%) with sudden cardiac death had had normal cardiac screening results. The mean time between screening and sudden cardiac death was 6.8 years. On the basis of a total of 118,351 person-years, the incidence of sudden cardiac death among previously screened adolescent soccer players was 1 per 14,794 person-years (6.8 per 100,000 athletes). CONCLUSIONS: Diseases that are associated with sudden cardiac death were identified in 0.38% of adolescent soccer players in a cohort that underwent cardiovascular screening. The incidence of sudden cardiac death was 1 per 14,794 person-years, or 6.8 per 100,000 athletes; most of these deaths were due to cardiomyopathies that had not been detected on screening. (Funded by the English Football Association and others.).
BACKGROUND: Reports on the incidence and causes of sudden cardiac death among young athletes have relied largely on estimated rates of participation and varied methods of reporting. We sought to investigate the incidence and causes of sudden cardiac death among adolescent soccer players in the United Kingdom. METHODS: From 1996 through 2016, we screened 11,168 adolescent athletes with a mean (±SD) age of 16.4±1.2 years (95% of whom were male) in the English Football Association (FA) cardiac screening program, which consisted of a health questionnaire, physical examination, electrocardiography, and echocardiography. The FA registry was interrogated to identify sudden cardiac deaths, which were confirmed with autopsy reports. RESULTS: During screening, 42 athletes (0.38%) were found to have cardiac disorders that are associated with sudden cardiac death. A further 225 athletes (2%) with congenital or valvular abnormalities were identified. After screening, there were 23 deaths from any cause, of which 8 (35%) were sudden deaths attributed to cardiac disease. Cardiomyopathy accounted for 7 of 8 sudden cardiac deaths (88%). Six athletes (75%) with sudden cardiac death had had normal cardiac screening results. The mean time between screening and sudden cardiac death was 6.8 years. On the basis of a total of 118,351 person-years, the incidence of sudden cardiac death among previously screened adolescent soccer players was 1 per 14,794 person-years (6.8 per 100,000 athletes). CONCLUSIONS: Diseases that are associated with sudden cardiac death were identified in 0.38% of adolescent soccer players in a cohort that underwent cardiovascular screening. The incidence of sudden cardiac death was 1 per 14,794 person-years, or 6.8 per 100,000 athletes; most of these deaths were due to cardiomyopathies that had not been detected on screening. (Funded by the English Football Association and others.).
Authors: Carlo De Innocentiis; Fabrizio Ricci; Mohammed Y Khanji; Nay Aung; Claudio Tana; Elvira Verrengia; Steffen E Petersen; Sabina Gallina Journal: Sports Med Date: 2018-11 Impact factor: 11.136
Authors: Jasmeet Soar; Bernd W Böttiger; Pierre Carli; Keith Couper; Charles D Deakin; Therese Djärv; Carsten Lott; Theresa Olasveengen; Peter Paal; Tommaso Pellis; Gavin D Perkins; Claudio Sandroni; Jerry P Nolan Journal: Notf Rett Med Date: 2021-06-08 Impact factor: 0.826