Sanghyuk S Shin1, Chawangwa Modongo2,3, Yeonsoo Baik4, Christopher Allender5, Darrin Lemmer5, Rebecca E Colman5, David M Engelthaler5, Robin M Warren6,7,8, Nicola M Zetola9. 1. Sue and Bill Gross School of Nursing, University of California, Irvine. 2. Botswana-Upenn Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana. 3. Department of Infectious Disease, Gaborone, Botswana. 4. Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles. 5. Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona. 6. NRF/DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research. 7. South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa. 8. Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa. 9. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Gaborone, Botswana.
Abstract
Background: Heteroresistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections (defined as concomitant infection with drug-resistant and drug-susceptible strains) may explain the higher risk of poor tuberculosis treatment outcomes observed among patients with mixed-strain M. tuberculosis infections. We investigated the clinical effect of mixed-strain infections while controlling for pretreatment heteroresistance in a population-based sample of patients with tuberculosis starting first-line tuberculosis therapy in Botswana. Methods: We performed 24-locus mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number tandem-repeat analysis and targeted deep sequencing on baseline primary cultured isolates to detect mixed infections and heteroresistance, respectively. Drug-sensitive, micro-heteroresistant, macro-heteroresistant, and fixed-resistant infections were defined as infections in which the frequency of resistance was <0.1%, 0.1%-4%, 5%-94%, and ≥95%, respectively, in resistance-conferring domains of the inhA promoter, the katG gene, and the rpoB gene. Results: Of the 260 patients with tuberculosis included in the study, 25 (9.6%) had mixed infections and 30 (11.5%) had poor treatment outcomes. Micro-heteroresistance, macro-heteroresistance, and fixed resistance were found among 11 (4.2%), 2 (0.8%), and 11 (4.2%), respectively, for isoniazid and 21 (8.1%), 0 (0%), and 10 (3.8%), respectively, for rifampicin. In multivariable analysis, mixed infections but not heteroresistant infections independently predicted poor treatment outcomes. Conclusions: Among patients starting first-line tuberculosis therapy in Botswana, mixed infections were associated with poor tuberculosis treatment outcomes, independent of heteroresistance.
Background: Heteroresistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections (defined as concomitant infection with drug-resistant and drug-susceptible strains) may explain the higher risk of poor tuberculosis treatment outcomes observed among patients with mixed-strain M. tuberculosis infections. We investigated the clinical effect of mixed-strain infections while controlling for pretreatment heteroresistance in a population-based sample of patients with tuberculosis starting first-line tuberculosis therapy in Botswana. Methods: We performed 24-locus mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number tandem-repeat analysis and targeted deep sequencing on baseline primary cultured isolates to detect mixed infections and heteroresistance, respectively. Drug-sensitive, micro-heteroresistant, macro-heteroresistant, and fixed-resistant infections were defined as infections in which the frequency of resistance was <0.1%, 0.1%-4%, 5%-94%, and ≥95%, respectively, in resistance-conferring domains of the inhA promoter, the katG gene, and the rpoB gene. Results: Of the 260 patients with tuberculosis included in the study, 25 (9.6%) had mixed infections and 30 (11.5%) had poor treatment outcomes. Micro-heteroresistance, macro-heteroresistance, and fixed resistance were found among 11 (4.2%), 2 (0.8%), and 11 (4.2%), respectively, for isoniazid and 21 (8.1%), 0 (0%), and 10 (3.8%), respectively, for rifampicin. In multivariable analysis, mixed infections but not heteroresistant infections independently predicted poor treatment outcomes. Conclusions: Among patients starting first-line tuberculosis therapy in Botswana, mixed infections were associated with poor tuberculosis treatment outcomes, independent of heteroresistance.
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