Three-dimensional printing and virtual surgery for congenital heart procedural planning.

Complex unrepaired congenital heart disease requires extensive planning to determine the optimal procedural approach. Conventional noninvasive diagnostic imaging initially provides only two-dimensional (2D) representations of the complex, three-dimensional cardiovascular anatomy. With the expansion of 3D visualization techniques in imaging, a paradigm shift has occurred in complex congenital heart disease surgical planning using digital and 3D printed heart models. There has been early success in demonstrating the benefit of these models in interdisciplinary communication and education. The future goal of this work is to demonstrate a clinical outcome benefit using digital and 3D printed models to plan both surgical and catheterization-based interventional procedures. Ultimately, the hope is that advanced procedural planning with virtual surgery and 3D printing will enhance decision-making in complex congenital heart disease cases resulting in improved perioperative performance by reducing operative times, complications, and reoperations.