Linda Kachuri1,2, Olli Saarela3, Stig Egil Bojesen4,5, George Davey Smith6, Geoffrey Liu2,7, Maria Teresa Landi8, Neil E Caporaso8, David C Christiani9,10, Mattias Johansson11, Salvatore Panico12, Kim Overvad13, Antonia Trichopoulou14,15, Paolo Vineis16, Ghislaine Scelo11, David Zaridze17, Xifeng Wu18, Demetrius Albanes8, Brenda Diergaarde19, Pagona Lagiou15, Gary J Macfarlane20, Melinda C Aldrich21, Adonina Tardón22, Gad Rennert23, Andrew F Olshan24, Mark C Weissler25, Chu Chen26, Gary E Goodman26, Jennifer A Doherty27, Andrew R Ness28, Heike Bickeböller29, H-Erich Wichmann30,31,32, Angela Risch33, John K Field34, M Dawn Teare35, Lambertus A Kiemeney36, Erik H F M van der Heijden36, June C Carroll1, Aage Haugen37, Shanbeh Zienolddiny37, Vidar Skaug37, Victor Wünsch-Filho38, Eloiza H Tajara39, Raquel Ayoub Moysés40, Fabio Daumas Nunes41, Stephen Lam42, Jose Eluf-Neto43, Martin Lacko44, Wilbert H M Peters45, Loïc Le Marchand46, Eric J Duell47, Angeline S Andrew48, Silvia Franceschi11, Matthew B Schabath49, Jonas Manjer50, Susanne Arnold51, Philip Lazarus52, Anush Mukeriya17, Beata Swiatkowska53, Vladimir Janout54, Ivana Holcatova55, Jelena Stojsic56, Dana Mates57, Jolanta Lissowska58, Stefania Boccia59,60, Corina Lesseur11,61, Xuchen Zong1, James D McKay11, Paul Brennan11, Christopher I Amos62, Rayjean J Hung1,2. 1. Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 2. Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 3. Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 4. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, Herlev, Denmark. 5. Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 6. Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. 7. Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 8. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. 9. Departments of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. 10. Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. 11. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. 12. Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. 13. Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. 14. Hellenic Health Foundation, and WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, Athens, Greece. 15. Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece. 16. MRC/PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. 17. Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Russian N.N.Blokhin Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation. 18. Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. 19. Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. 20. The Institute of Applied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK. 21. Department of Thoracic Surgery and Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA. 22. Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo and CIBERESP, Campus del Cristo, Oviedo, Spain. 23. Clalit National Cancer Control Center at Carmel Medical Center and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel. 24. Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. 25. Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. 26. Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA. 27. Department of Population Health Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. 28. School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. 29. Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany. 30. Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. 31. Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany. 32. Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technical University, Munich, Germany. 33. Division of Epigenomics & Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. 34. Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. 35. School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. 36. Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. 37. The National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway. 38. Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. 39. Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil. 40. Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Disciplina de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço (LIM28), São Paulo, Brasil. 41. Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. 42. BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 43. Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. 44. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands. 45. Department of Gastroenterology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. 46. Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA. 47. Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain. 48. Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA. 49. Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA. 50. Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. 51. Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. 52. College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA. 53. Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland. 54. Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic. 55. Institute of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. 56. Department of Thoracopulmonary Pathology, Service of Pathology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia. 57. National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania. 58. Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Cancer Center Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland. 59. Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italia. 60. Section of Hygiene, Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy. 61. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. 62. Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Evidence from observational studies of telomere length (TL) has been conflicting regarding its direction of association with cancer risk. We investigated the causal relevance of TL for lung and head and neck cancers using Mendelian Randomization (MR) and mediation analyses. METHODS: We developed a novel genetic instrument for TL in chromosome 5p15.33, using variants identified through deep-sequencing, that were genotyped in 2051 cancer-free subjects. Next, we conducted an MR analysis of lung (16 396 cases, 13 013 controls) and head and neck cancer (4415 cases, 5013 controls) using eight genetic instruments for TL. Lastly, the 5p15.33 instrument and distinct 5p15.33 lung cancer risk loci were evaluated using two-sample mediation analysis, to quantify their direct and indirect, telomere-mediated, effects. RESULTS: The multi-allelic 5p15.33 instrument explained 1.49-2.00% of TL variation in our data (p = 2.6 × 10-9). The MR analysis estimated that a 1000 base-pair increase in TL increases risk of lung cancer [odds ratio (OR) = 1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20-1.65] and lung adenocarcinoma (OR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.51-2.22), but not squamous lung carcinoma (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.83-1.29) or head and neck cancers (OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.70-1.05). Mediation analysis of the 5p15.33 instrument indicated an absence of direct effects on lung cancer risk (OR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.95-1.04). Analysis of distinct 5p15.33 susceptibility variants estimated that TL mediates up to 40% of the observed associations with lung cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support a causal role for long telomeres in lung cancer aetiology, particularly for adenocarcinoma, and demonstrate that telomere maintenance partially mediates the lung cancer susceptibility conferred by 5p15.33 loci.
BACKGROUND: Evidence from observational studies of telomere length (TL) has been conflicting regarding its direction of association with cancer risk. We investigated the causal relevance of TL for lung and head and neck cancers using Mendelian Randomization (MR) and mediation analyses. METHODS: We developed a novel genetic instrument for TL in chromosome 5p15.33, using variants identified through deep-sequencing, that were genotyped in 2051 cancer-free subjects. Next, we conducted an MR analysis of lung (16 396 cases, 13 013 controls) and head and neck cancer (4415 cases, 5013 controls) using eight genetic instruments for TL. Lastly, the 5p15.33 instrument and distinct 5p15.33 lung cancer risk loci were evaluated using two-sample mediation analysis, to quantify their direct and indirect, telomere-mediated, effects. RESULTS: The multi-allelic 5p15.33 instrument explained 1.49-2.00% of TL variation in our data (p = 2.6 × 10-9). The MR analysis estimated that a 1000 base-pair increase in TL increases risk of lung cancer [odds ratio (OR) = 1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20-1.65] and lung adenocarcinoma (OR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.51-2.22), but not squamous lung carcinoma (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.83-1.29) or head and neck cancers (OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.70-1.05). Mediation analysis of the 5p15.33 instrument indicated an absence of direct effects on lung cancer risk (OR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.95-1.04). Analysis of distinct 5p15.33 susceptibility variants estimated that TL mediates up to 40% of the observed associations with lung cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support a causal role for long telomeres in lung cancer aetiology, particularly for adenocarcinoma, and demonstrate that telomere maintenance partially mediates the lung cancer susceptibility conferred by 5p15.33 loci.
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