Pattern of Mobile Phone Use among Students of an Institution.

INTRODUCTION: The charm of mobile phone is more among young generation and the increasing use can lead to various harmful effects and may result in dependence. The objective of the study is to evaluate the pattern of mobile phone use among medical students.
METHODS: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted on a total of 229 medical students aged between 18 and 25 years who were using mobile phones for more than 1 year by using simple random sampling technique. Students were requested to complete a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire which comprised their socio-demographic characteristics and pattern of mobile phone usage.
RESULTS: Among the total 229 students, all of them had their own smart phones. Major purpose of using mobile was for calling, listening music, taking photos/videos and internet use. Most of the students 97 (42.4%) have owned mobile phones since 4-6 years. The median time spent by the students on the mobile phone using different features of mobile phone was 3.5 hours. Majority of the students i.e. 157 (68.5%) use mobile phones at night. The median amount of money spent on recharge per month was 500. Age of student was significantly (P <0.05) associated with calls per day. There was no significant association of pattern of mobile phone use with other selected socio-demographic variables Conclusions: Students were found to use mobile phone excessively. The pattern of mobile phone usage among the students in this study may signal the evolution of mobile phone use from a habit to an addiction.

INTRODUCTION

Mobile phone because of the ever availability and its mobility application has created a dramatic interest for youth in comparison with other communication technologies.[1] Initially, mobile phones were used only as a communication tool but these days, mobile phones function as mobile computers that serve us with music player, games, internet, video camera, calculator, alarm clock, and many more other perceived benefits as increased accessibility and social connectivity, reduced loneliness, and security in emergency situations.[2]

Unfortunately, communication technology has some negative effects also. Constant usage and addiction to cell phones has affected the people physically, psychologically, and socially.[3] Self-reported symptoms associated with using mobile phones most commonly included headaches, earache, warmth sensations, concentration difficulties and fatigue.[4] Moreover, intensive mobile phone use has been associated with dependency on the mobile phone.[5]

The objective of the study is to evaluate the pattern of mobile phone use among students of a medical university of Eastern Nepal.

METHODS

A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted on a total of 229 students of a medical university of Eastern Nepal from October 2016 to December 2016. The study was approved by Institutional Review Committee of B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences on 24th July, 2016. Written consent was taken from each participants and confidentiality was maintained. Students who were using mobile phones on a regular basis for more than 1 year were included by using simple random sampling technique. Students were requested to complete a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire which comprised their socio-demographic characteristics and pattern of mobile phone usage. The data were compiled and analyzed in SPSS version 16 and expressed as frequency and percentages. The data were analyzed statistically using χ[2] -test to observe the association between pattern of mobile phone use and selected socio-demographic variables.

RESULTS

Table 1 shows pattern of mobile phone use among the medical students. Table 2 depicts the association of pattern of mobile phone use with selected socio demographic variables. In this study, majority of the participants, i.e. 122 (53.3%) were in the age group 22-25 years with mean age of 21.73±1.6 years. Of the total study population, most of them i.e. 97 (42.4%) have owned mobile phones since 4-6 years (Median: 5.31 IQR (7 -3)). Table 3 shows demographic characteristics of the study population. Moreover, family income status was not associated significantly with money spent on recharge per month (P value = 0.437).

Table 1

Pattern of mobile phone use.

Characteristics	Category	n (%)
	1-2 hours	67 (29.2)
Time spent per day	2-4 hours	82 (35.8)
	4-6 hours	42 (18.3)
	>6 hours	38 (16.5)
	Median-3.5 IQR (5-2)
	1-5	142 (62)
Calls per day	6-10 >10	54 (23.6) 33 (14.4)
	Median - 4.5 IQR (8.25-2.5)
	0	71 (31.0)
	1-4	110 (48.0)
SMS per day	5-8	21 (9.2)
	>8	27 (11.8)
	Median- 1.5 IQR (3.5-0.0)
	<Rs. 500	111 (48.5)
Money spent on recharge per month	Rs. 500-	95 (41.5)
	1000
	>Rs. 1000	23 (10.0)
	Median: 500 IQR (675-200)
	Morning	8 (3.4)
Time of maximum use	Afternoon	16 (6.9)
	Evening	73 (31.8)
	Night	157 (68.5)
	Classroom	13 (5.6)
Place/ Situation of maximum use	Library	5 (2.1)
	Eating	7 (3.05)
	Driving	1 (0.43)
	Room	219 (95.6)
	Calling family members	209 (91.2)
	Calling friends	182 (79.47)
Reason for use	Messaging	132 (57.64)
	Internet use	216 (94.32)
	Playing games	136 (59.38)
	Listening to music	170 (74.23)
	Taking photos/videos	160 (69.86)
	Study purpose	33 (14.41)

(n = 229)

Table 2

Association of pattern of mobile phone use with selected Socio-Demographic variables.

Variables Category		Calls per day			P	Money spent in rupees			P	SMS per day				P	Time spend in hours				P
		1-5	6-10	>10		<500	5001000	>1000		0	1-4	5-8	>8		1-2	2-4	4-6	>6
Age in
	18-21	76	23	8		56	40	11	0.486	28	52	11	16		27	68	37	29
years					0.008									0.320
	22-25	66	31	25		55	55	12		43	58	10	11		9	14	5	9	0.425
Sex	Male	84	34	26		67	61	16	0.666	38	78	13	15	0.097	39	53	23	29
	Female	58	20	7	0.110	44	34	7		33	32	8	12		28	29	19	9	0.182

(n=229)

Table 3

Socio-Demographic variables of the respondents.

Characteristics	Category	n (%)
Sex	Male	144 (62.9)
	Female	85 (37.1)
Type of family	Joint	37 (16.2)
	Nuclear	192 (83.8)
Family income status	Bad	2 (0.9)
	Average	145 (63.3)
	Good	82 (35.8)
Academic year	1st year	49 (21.4)
	2nd year	48 (21.0)
	3rd year	50 (21.8)
	4th year	46 (20.1)
	5th year	36 (15.7)

(n=229)

DISCUSSION

Mobile phone use has pervaded into every aspect of the community and it has a special presence in the lives of young, college going students. However, its excessive use and its health effects are relatively new issues that have come forth only in the recent years.[6]

In this present study all of the students had their own smart mobile phone similar to findings in other studies.[7,8]

This study revealed that most of the students 97 (42.4%) owned mobile phone since 4-6 years which is in contrast with study done among the youths in Mumbai. In this study only 14% of them were using mobile for 4-6 years.[9]

The median time spent by the students on the mobile phone using different features of mobile phone was 3.5 hours. In this study, it was found that mobile phone use was very high among the medical students of both sexes with 82 (35.8%) of them spending 2-4 hours per day on their mobile which is comparable to the study done in Dehradun, India and Dhaka, Bangladesh. In those studies, 57% and 34.8% of the medical students were using mobile phones for more than 2 hours and more than 4 hours respectively.[10,11] In contrast study done in Punjab showed that only 17.8% were spending more than 3 hours on their mobile.[7] Moreover, 38 (16.5%) of the students spent more than 6 hours on their mobile phone. The use of mobile for prolonged duration can lead to many harmful effects[3] and may signal the evolution of mobile phone use from a habit to an addiction.[12]

Many of the students were calling 1-5 persons per day in the present study which is comparable to study done in a medical university in India.[7]

The number of students who sent more than 8 SMS in the present study was only 27 (11.8%). Moreover, it was found that 71 (31%) of the students did not use SMS which is in contrast with other studies.[6-13-14] The most plausible explanation for that is SMS feature is expensive compared to calls in our country.

Most of the students were frequently using mobile phone for taking pictures/ videos, playing games, listening to music and internet surfing other than for calling and messaging purpose as was found in other studies.[7,15] In this study it was found that 209 (91.2%) of the students used mobile phone for calling their family members which is similar to many other studies.[6,16] The reason for this could be that large proportion of the students in this institution are from other parts of the country and also from India and that they found it easier to keep in contact with their parents through mobile phones.

Majority of the students used mobile phones at night 157 (68.5%) and around 73 (32%) of them used in the evening which is similar to study done in South India[6] which may be due to the busy schedule in the morning and afternoon. However, late hours and extended use of mobile phone for communication may cause emotionally and cognitive arousal in pre sleep period that leads to poor quality of sleep and insomnia.[10]

The median amount of money spent on recharge per month was 500 which is comparable to other studies done in India.[7,13] Moreover, this amount was found to be much less than spent by Malaysian students in another study. This difference could be due to the fact that Nepalease students try to keep check on their expenditure.

In this study 13 (5.6%) of the students were found to be using mobile phones in class room. A study carried out in a medical university of India found that 18% of the students used mobile phone in the class.[7]

Only 1 (0.43%) of them had the habit of using mobile during driving which is in contrast with the study done among youths in Mumbai[9] which shows 10.84% of them used mobile phone while driving. Similarly, 31% of the medical students in Kerala[17] attended call while driving. This difference might be due to less availability of vehicles and the awareness of the harmful effects of the use of mobile phone during driving which is risky and my lead to accidents.

Some of the students were also using it during eating, in library which is similar to the study done in medical university in India.[6] Although the proportion of using the mobile phone in class, library, driving and during eating is low as compared to their usage in their room, this is thought to be inappropriate. This usage pattern shows their dependence on mobile phones as they cannot resist the attraction of using it even at places where it is prohibited, risky, or while doing other important works such as eating or studying.

Age of the students played a factor in determining patterns of using the mobile phone. Older users preferred to make more calls per day as found in a study done in Malaysia.[17]

Ling in his study found that young adult men spent more time on the mobile phone compared to adolescent girls. Moreover, Juno found that female college students sent more texts and talked longer on their cell phones than their male counter parts. However, the pattern of mobile phone use among male and female students was found to be similar in this present study which is consistent with other studies.[10,18] Bianchi and Phillips in their study claimed that mobile phone was a gender neutral device and both gender seemed to embrace mobile phone technology equally.[19]

Students from higher income families spent more time and money on their mobile phone as per a study done in Malaysia.[16] However in this study family income status did not influence the student's mobile phone pattern.

Limitation of the present study is that the results are dependent on the assumption that the students gave honest responses to the questionnaire, as it was self-administered.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, it was observed that many students use mobile phone excessively. Messaging habit in the student was less in comparison to the calls made by them. The pattern of mobile phone among male and female students was found to be similar. This pattern of mobile phone among students may signal the evolution of mobile phone use from a habit to an addiction.