| Literature DB >> 30057424 |
Birgit Leimer1,2, Fabienne Pradella1, Anja Fruth3, Annette Queißer3, Reyn van Ewijk1.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Fasting during Ramadan while pregnant has been shown to have long-term negative effects on the offspring's physical and cognitive health. Even though most Muslims do not believe pregnant women are obligated to fast during Ramadan, fasting rates of up to 87% have been reported for pregnant women. No data exists to date about Ramadan adherence and behavior in Germany.Entities:
Keywords: Ramadan; epidemiology; fasting; gynecology; prenatal care
Year: 2018 PMID: 30057424 PMCID: PMC6059869 DOI: 10.1055/a-0633-1720
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd ISSN: 0016-5751 Impact factor: 2.915
Fig. 1Distribution of number of days fasted (among the women who fasted for at least 1 day). The figure shows the percentage of pregnant women who fasted for at least one day during Ramadan (n = 50) and how many days they fasted. The classification is based on a personal survey of the pregnant women, who were asked to categorize the number of days they fasted by choosing one of the following options: on a few days (1 – 2), on some days (3 – 9), on about half of the days (10 – 19), on most days (20 – 29), and on all days (30). Many women reported the exact number of days they fasted, and the classification into categories was then done by the project team.
Table 1 Characteristics of fasting and non-fasting pregnant Muslims. The table summarizes the characteristics of fasting and non-fasting pregnant women. The investigation into the expected effect of fasting on mother or child asked respondents about the effect fasting had on the health of the child or mother, giving them the option of no effect, positive effect, negative effect. The beliefs of the womanʼs partner were elicited by asking whether the respondentʼs partner thought pregnant women should not fast, should fast, or had no opinion.
| Did not fast | Fasted | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1) t-test, 2) Mann-Whitney test, 3) χ 2 -test | |||
| N | 66 | 50 | |
| Age | 31.9 | 29.2 | 0.014 1) |
| Education | |||
did not complete secondary education | 2% | 7% | 0.007 2) |
completed secondary education | 41% | 65% | |
vocational training | 26% | 12% | |
university degree | 31% | 16% | |
| Birth country | |||
born in Germany | 26% | 20% | 0.375 3) |
lived in Germany < 2 years (not born in Germany) | 24% | 36% | |
lived in Germany ≥ 2 years (not born in Germany) | 50% | 44% | |
| Opinions | |||
fasting has negative effects on child | 67% | 20% | < 0.001 3) |
fasting has negative effects on mother | 59% | 26% | < 0.001 3) |
my partner thinks pregnant women should fast | 8% | 6% | 0.740 3) |
| Living environment | |||
other household members fasted | 80% | 97% | 0.019 3) |
advice sought from gynecologist/midwife | 38% | 49% | 0.221 3) |
first pregnancy | 42% | 32% | 0.252 3) |
veiled/wore a headscarf during the interview | 23% | 41% | 0.049 3) |
Abb. 1Verteilung der Anzahl der gefasteten Tage (Frauen, die mindestens 1 Tag gefastet haben). Die Abbildung stellt dar, welcher Anteil der schwangeren Frauen, die mindestens 1 Tag im Ramadan gefastet haben (n = 50), wie viele Tage gefastet hat. Die Klassifizierung basiert auf der persönlichen Befragung der schwangeren Frauen, die gebeten wurden, ihr Fastenverhalten in die folgenden Kategorien einzuteilen: Fasten an wenigen Tagen (1 – 2), Fasten an einigen Tagen (3 – 9), Fasten an ungefähr der Hälfte der Tage (10 – 19), Fasten an den meisten Tagen (20 – 29) sowie Fasten an allen Tagen (30). Viele Frauen konnten die genaue Anzahl der gefasteten Tage nennen, sodass die Einordnung in die Kategorien durch das Projektteam erfolgte.
Tab. 1 Eigenschaften fastender und nicht fastender schwangerer Muslimas. Die Tabelle stellt die Eigenschaften fastender und nicht fastender schwangerer Muslimas dar. Nach den erwarteten Effekten auf Kind und Mutter wurde gefragt, indem nach den gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen des Fastens gefragt wurde mit den Antwortmöglichkeiten kein Effekt, positiver Effekt, negativer Effekt. Die Einstellung des Partners basiert auf der Frage danach, ob der Partner der Befragten denkt, dass schwangere Frauen fasten sollten, nicht fasten sollten oder keine Meinung hat.
| nicht fastende Muslimas | fastende Muslimas | p-Wert | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1) t-Test, 2) Mann-Whitney-Test, 3) χ 2 -Test | |||
| n | 66 | 50 | |
| Alter | 31,9 | 29,2 | 0,014 1) |
| Bildungsstand | |||
ohne sekundären Schulabschluss | 2% | 7% | 0,007 2) |
sekundärer Schulabschluss | 41% | 65% | |
abgeschlossene Ausbildung | 26% | 12% | |
Universitätsabschluss | 31% | 16% | |
| Herkunft | |||
in Deutschland geboren | 26% | 20% | 0,375 3) |
< 2 Jahre in Deutschland (nicht in Deutschland geboren) | 24% | 36% | |
≥ 2 Jahre in Deutschland (nicht in Deutschland geboren) | 50% | 44% | |
| Meinungen | |||
Fasten hat negative Effekte für das Kind | 67% | 20% | < 0,001 3) |
Fasten hat negative Effekte für die Mutter | 59% | 26% | < 0,001 3) |
Mein Partner denkt, schwangere Frauen sollten fasten | 8% | 6% | 0,740 3) |
| Lebensumfeld | |||
fastende Menschen im Haushalt | 80% | 97% | 0,019 3) |
Gesundheitspersonal zu Ramadan befragt | 38% | 49% | 0,221 3) |
erste Schwangerschaft | 42% | 32% | 0,252 3) |
Verschleierung während der Befragung | 23% | 41% | 0,049 3) |