BACKGROUND: So far there's no tumor maker applied in diagnosis and treatment of thymic epithelial tumors. This study is to assess the correlation between serum cytokine 19 fragment (Cyfra 21-1) and clinicopathological features and prognosis of thymic epithelial tumors (TETs). METHODS: The clinical data of 159 patients with TETs in Shanghai Chest Hospital was retrospectively analysed. Patients were divided into groups according to different tumor stages and histotypes. Serum Cyfra 21-1 was thus compared. In addition, the possible relationship between perioperative serum Cyfra 21-1 level and the recurrent status was carrid out. RESULTS: Preoperative Cyfra 21-1 serum concentrations in patiants with advanced stage (T4) and thymic carcinomas were significantly higher than that in others (P<0.001, P<0.001, respectively). When the preoperative serum level exceeds the out-off of 1.66 ng/mL, it possibly indicates the recurrence during follow up. Furthermore, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive as well as negative predictive value (PPV and NPV) of postoperative Cyfra 21-1 to predict tumor recurrence were evaluated. At a cut-off of Cyfra 21-1 of 2.66 ng/mL, the sensitivity was 0.7, the specificity was 0.925, the PPV was 0.5 and the NPV was 0.966. CONCLUSIONS: The elevated level of preoperative serum Cyfra 21-1 indicates an advanced stage of tumor or a more malignant histotype (thymic carcinoma). It also probably suggests a higher risk of tumor recurrence. During the oncological follow up, in addition to regular imaging examinations, the blood test of serum Cyfra 21-1 is also suggested to improve the diagnosis of tumor recurrence in order to improve the prognosis.
BACKGROUND: So far there's no tumor maker applied in diagnosis and treatment of thymic epithelial tumors. This study is to assess the correlation between serum cytokine 19 fragment (Cyfra 21-1) and clinicopathological features and prognosis of thymic epithelial tumors (TETs). METHODS: The clinical data of 159 patients with TETs in Shanghai Chest Hospital was retrospectively analysed. Patients were divided into groups according to different tumor stages and histotypes. Serum Cyfra 21-1 was thus compared. In addition, the possible relationship between perioperative serum Cyfra 21-1 level and the recurrent status was carrid out. RESULTS: Preoperative Cyfra 21-1 serum concentrations in patiants with advanced stage (T4) and thymic carcinomas were significantly higher than that in others (P<0.001, P<0.001, respectively). When the preoperative serum level exceeds the out-off of 1.66 ng/mL, it possibly indicates the recurrence during follow up. Furthermore, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive as well as negative predictive value (PPV and NPV) of postoperative Cyfra 21-1 to predict tumor recurrence were evaluated. At a cut-off of Cyfra 21-1 of 2.66 ng/mL, the sensitivity was 0.7, the specificity was 0.925, the PPV was 0.5 and the NPV was 0.966. CONCLUSIONS: The elevated level of preoperative serum Cyfra 21-1 indicates an advanced stage of tumor or a more malignant histotype (thymic carcinoma). It also probably suggests a higher risk of tumor recurrence. During the oncological follow up, in addition to regular imaging examinations, the blood test of serum Cyfra 21-1 is also suggested to improve the diagnosis of tumor recurrence in order to improve the prognosis.
胸腺肿瘤(thymic epithelial tumors, TETs)是一种起源于胸腺上皮的实体性肿瘤,不包括起源于生殖细胞、淋巴细胞、神经内分泌细胞及脂肪组织的肿瘤,在胸部肿瘤中相对罕见,约占前纵隔肿瘤的50%。按照上皮细胞形态及淋巴细胞和上皮细胞比例,2004版世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)组织学分类将其分为胸腺瘤(A型、AB型、B1型、B2型、B3型及少量其他类型)(thymoma)和胸腺癌(thymic carcinoma, Tca)。国际上报道的发病率为1.3/100万人-3.2/100万人。美国医疗保险监督、流行病学和最终结果(Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results, SEER)数据库中显示,胸腺肿瘤在亚裔中发病率(2.5/100万)高于白人(1.0/100万)[。因此国内的人群发病率可能略高于上述比例。目前为止,手术切除仍是胸腺肿瘤治疗的主要方法[,而治疗前肿瘤分期、WHO组织学分型及手术切除状态是明确的胸腺肿瘤预后的影响因素[。另一方面,肿瘤标志物逐渐成为肿瘤早期诊断、复发监测、疗效及预后判断的重要参考指标。其测定具有简便、微创、价廉等优点,已成为肿瘤研究领域的重点之一。但目前胸腺肿瘤并无特异性的肿瘤标志物。基于此,本研究回顾性分析了159例胸腺肿瘤患者血清细胞角蛋白19片段(cytokerantin-19-fragment, Cyfra 21-1)在不同肿瘤分期、组织学类型及复发状态间的差异,旨在为胸腺肿瘤患者术前评估及术后监测提供一定参考。
材料与方法
材料
本研究纳入了上海交通大学附属上海市胸科医院2012年11月1日-2016年9月30日直接手术的胸腺肿瘤病例159例,病理结果均由手术标本石蜡切片证实。病理分型按2004版WHO组织学分类,病理分期按美国癌症联合委员会(American Joint Committee on Cancer, AJCC)/国际癌症联盟(Union for International Cancer Control, UICC)第8版肿瘤-淋巴结-转移(tumor-node-metastasis, TNM)分期。
Different serum Cyfra 21-1 levels in different histotypes and T stages. A: serum Cyfra 21-1 levels in subtypes of thymoma were not significantly different from each other (P > 0.05), while the serum Cyfra 21-1 level in thymic carcinoma was significantly higher (P < 0.05); B: serum Cyfra 21-1 levels in stage T1 to T3 were not significantly different from each other (P > 0.05), while the serum Cyfra 21-1 level in stage T4 was significantly higher (P < 0.001).
不同临床病理分组中血清Cyfra 21-1水平的差异Patient characteristics according to Cyfra 21-1 serum concentrations不同组织学类型及T分期中血清Cyfra 21-1水平的差异。A:胸腺瘤各亚型间血清Cyfra 21-1水平无显著差异(P > 0.05),而胸腺癌血清Cyfra 21-1水平显著升高(P < 0.05);B:T1-T3期血清Cyfra 21-1水平无显著差异(P > 0.05),而T4期血清Cyfra 21-1水平显著升高(P < 0.001)。Different serum Cyfra 21-1 levels in different histotypes and T stages. A: serum Cyfra 21-1 levels in subtypes of thymoma were not significantly different from each other (P > 0.05), while the serum Cyfra 21-1 level in thymic carcinoma was significantly higher (P < 0.05); B: serum Cyfra 21-1 levels in stage T1 to T3 were not significantly different from each other (P > 0.05), while the serum Cyfra 21-1 level in stage T4 was significantly higher (P < 0.001).
血清Cyfra 21-1与肿瘤分期
按照AJCC/UICC第8版TNM分期,术前血清Cyfra21-1水平在T4期患者高于T1-T3期患者[(6.23±5.18) vs (1.67±2.14), P=0.000],在有淋巴结转移(N1-N2)患者高于无淋巴结转移(N0)患者[(4.51±6.16) vs (1.89±2.30), P=0.004],而与是否存在胸膜转移无关[(2.99±5.31) vs (1.99±2.51), P=0.306](图 1B)。
ROC curve about pre-operative and post-operative Cyfra 21-1 serum concentration. A: ROC curve about pre-operative Cyfra 21-1 serum concentration. The AUC was 0.778±0.074 (P=0.006). 1.66 ng/mL was defined as the cut-off value when the sensitivity was 0.889 and the specificity was 0.677; B: ROC curve about post-operative Cyfra 21-1 serum concentration. The AUC was 0.804±0.097 (P=0.003). 2.66 ng/mL was defined as the cut-off value when the sensitivity was 0.667 and the specificity was 0.925.
术前及术后血清Cyfra 21-1的ROC曲线。A:术前血清Cyfra 21-1的ROC曲线。曲线下面积为0.778±0.074(P=0.006)。当取1.66 ng/mL为cutoff值时,敏感性为0.889,特异性为0.677;B:术后血清Cyfra 21-1的ROC曲线。曲线下面积为0.804±0.097(P=0.003)。当取2.66 ng/mL为cutoff值时,敏感性为0.667,特异性为0.925。ROC curve about pre-operative and post-operative Cyfra 21-1 serum concentration. A: ROC curve about pre-operative Cyfra 21-1 serum concentration. The AUC was 0.778±0.074 (P=0.006). 1.66 ng/mL was defined as the cut-off value when the sensitivity was 0.889 and the specificity was 0.677; B: ROC curve about post-operative Cyfra 21-1 serum concentration. The AUC was 0.804±0.097 (P=0.003). 2.66 ng/mL was defined as the cut-off value when the sensitivity was 0.667 and the specificity was 0.925.
血清Cyfra 21-1与术后随访
无复发的93例患者中,术后血清Cyfra 21-1水平与术前相仿(P=0.375)。亚组分析显示,术前血清Cyfra 21-1水平较高(≥1.66 ng/mL)的患者(n=30),其术后该值明显下降[(3.76±4.18) vs (1.90±0.77), P=0.020]。9例患者出现复发/转移,其中1例淋巴结转移,3例胸膜复发/转移,5例远处转移。其中4例患者复发前血清Cyfra 21-1高于临床正常值(5 ng/mL)。复发患者血清Cyfra 21-1水平显著高于无复发患者[(4.86±4.13) vs (1.59±0.73), P < 0.001]。
结果显示,3年无复发率(recurrence free rate, FFR)在组织学类型(thymoma vs tca, 96.5% vs 71.6%, P < 0.001)、手术切除状态(R0 vs R1-R2, 94.9% vs 50.0%, P=0.001)及血清Cyfra 21-1水平(low vs high, 97.9% vs 79.0%, P=0.001)均有显著差异(表 2、图 3)。
2
3年无复发率的Kaplan-Meier分析
Kaplan-Meier analyses of 3-year FFR
Histotype
Resection status
Cyfra 21-1a
Thymoma
Tca
R0
R1+R2
High
Low
aMedian Cyfra 21-1 (1.66 ng/mL) was used to group patients into high and low Cyfra 21-1 cohorts.
FFR (3-year)
96.5
71.6
94.9
50.0
79.0
97.9
P
0.000
0.000
0.001
3
组织学类型、手术切除状态、血清Cyfra 21-1水平对于累积3年无复发率的影响。A:胸腺瘤累积3年无复发率高于胸腺癌(96.5% vs 71.6%, P < 0.001);B:完整切除组累积3年无复发率高于非完整切除组(94.9% vs 50.0%, P < 0.001);C:高Cyfra 21-1组累积3年无复发率低于低Cyfra 21-1组(97.9% vs 79.0%,P=0.001)。
Prognostic values of histotype, resection status and Cyfra 21-1 were assessed about FFR. A: 3-year FFR in thymoma group was significantly higher than that in thymic carcinoma group (96.5% vs 71.6%, P < 0.001); B: 3-year FFR in R0 group was significantly higher than that in R1-2 group (94.9% vs 50.0%, P < 0.001); C: 3-year FFR in high Cyfra 21-1 group was significantly lower than that in low Cyfra 21-1 group (97.9% vs 79.0%, P=0.001).
3年无复发率的Kaplan-Meier分析Kaplan-Meier analyses of 3-year FFR组织学类型、手术切除状态、血清Cyfra 21-1水平对于累积3年无复发率的影响。A:胸腺瘤累积3年无复发率高于胸腺癌(96.5% vs 71.6%, P < 0.001);B:完整切除组累积3年无复发率高于非完整切除组(94.9% vs 50.0%, P < 0.001);C:高Cyfra 21-1组累积3年无复发率低于低Cyfra 21-1组(97.9% vs 79.0%,P=0.001)。Prognostic values of histotype, resection status and Cyfra 21-1 were assessed about FFR. A: 3-year FFR in thymoma group was significantly higher than that in thymic carcinoma group (96.5% vs 71.6%, P < 0.001); B: 3-year FFR in R0 group was significantly higher than that in R1-2 group (94.9% vs 50.0%, P < 0.001); C: 3-year FFR in high Cyfra 21-1 group was significantly lower than that in low Cyfra 21-1 group (97.9% vs 79.0%, P=0.001).
Authors: Wouter K de Jong; Johannes L G Blaauwgeers; Michael Schaapveld; Wim Timens; Theo J Klinkenberg; Harry J M Groen Journal: Eur J Cancer Date: 2008-01 Impact factor: 9.162
Authors: Conrad B Falkson; Andrea Bezjak; Gail Darling; Richard Gregg; Richard Malthaner; Donna E Maziak; Edward Yu; Christopher A Smith; Sheila McNair; Yee C Ung; William K Evans Journal: J Thorac Oncol Date: 2009-07 Impact factor: 15.609