Literature DB >> 30037371

[Correlation between Serum Cytokeratin 19 Fragment and the Clinicopathological Features and Prognosis of Thymic Epithelial Tumors].

Xuefei Zhang1, Chunyu Ji1, Zhitao Gu1, Wentao Fang1.   

Abstract

BACKGROUND: So far there's no tumor maker applied in diagnosis and treatment of thymic epithelial tumors. This study is to assess the correlation between serum cytokine 19 fragment (Cyfra 21-1) and clinicopathological features and prognosis of thymic epithelial tumors (TETs).
METHODS: The clinical data of 159 patients with TETs in Shanghai Chest Hospital was retrospectively analysed. Patients were divided into groups according to different tumor stages and histotypes. Serum Cyfra 21-1 was thus compared. In addition, the possible relationship between perioperative serum Cyfra 21-1 level and the recurrent status was carrid out.
RESULTS: Preoperative Cyfra 21-1 serum concentrations in patiants with advanced stage (T4) and thymic carcinomas were significantly higher than that in others (P<0.001, P<0.001, respectively). When the preoperative serum level exceeds the out-off of 1.66 ng/mL, it possibly indicates the recurrence during follow up. Furthermore, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive as well as negative predictive value (PPV and NPV) of postoperative Cyfra 21-1 to predict tumor recurrence were evaluated. At a cut-off of Cyfra 21-1 of 2.66 ng/mL, the sensitivity was 0.7, the specificity was 0.925, the PPV was 0.5 and the NPV was 0.966.
CONCLUSIONS: The elevated level of preoperative serum Cyfra 21-1 indicates an advanced stage of tumor or a more malignant histotype (thymic carcinoma). It also probably suggests a higher risk of tumor recurrence. During the oncological follow up, in addition to regular imaging examinations, the blood test of serum Cyfra 21-1 is also suggested to improve the diagnosis of tumor recurrence in order to improve the prognosis.

Entities:  

Keywords:  Cyfra 21-1; Histotype; Prognosis; Thymic epithelial tumors; Tumor stage

Mesh:

Substances:

Year:  2018        PMID: 30037371      PMCID: PMC6058658          DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2018.07.03

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi        ISSN: 1009-3419


胸腺肿瘤(thymic epithelial tumors, TETs)是一种起源于胸腺上皮的实体性肿瘤,不包括起源于生殖细胞、淋巴细胞、神经内分泌细胞及脂肪组织的肿瘤,在胸部肿瘤中相对罕见,约占前纵隔肿瘤的50%。按照上皮细胞形态及淋巴细胞和上皮细胞比例,2004版世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)组织学分类将其分为胸腺瘤(A型、AB型、B1型、B2型、B3型及少量其他类型)(thymoma)和胸腺癌(thymic carcinoma, Tca)。国际上报道的发病率为1.3/100万人-3.2/100万人。美国医疗保险监督、流行病学和最终结果(Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results, SEER)数据库中显示,胸腺肿瘤在亚裔中发病率(2.5/100万)高于白人(1.0/100万)[。因此国内的人群发病率可能略高于上述比例。目前为止,手术切除仍是胸腺肿瘤治疗的主要方法[,而治疗前肿瘤分期、WHO组织学分型及手术切除状态是明确的胸腺肿瘤预后的影响因素[。另一方面,肿瘤标志物逐渐成为肿瘤早期诊断、复发监测、疗效及预后判断的重要参考指标。其测定具有简便、微创、价廉等优点,已成为肿瘤研究领域的重点之一。但目前胸腺肿瘤并无特异性的肿瘤标志物。基于此,本研究回顾性分析了159例胸腺肿瘤患者血清细胞角蛋白19片段(cytokerantin-19-fragment, Cyfra 21-1)在不同肿瘤分期、组织学类型及复发状态间的差异,旨在为胸腺肿瘤患者术前评估及术后监测提供一定参考。

材料与方法

材料

本研究纳入了上海交通大学附属上海市胸科医院2012年11月1日-2016年9月30日直接手术的胸腺肿瘤病例159例,病理结果均由手术标本石蜡切片证实。病理分型按2004版WHO组织学分类,病理分期按美国癌症联合委员会(American Joint Committee on Cancer, AJCC)/国际癌症联盟(Union for International Cancer Control, UICC)第8版肿瘤-淋巴结-转移(tumor-node-metastasis, TNM)分期。

方法

资料收集:临床资料:年龄、性别;实验室资料:Cyfra 21-1采用流式荧光法检测,检测仪器为液态悬浮芯片系统Luminex 200,临床 > 5 ng/mL视为阳性。病理学资料:肿瘤组织学类型、肿瘤TNM分期、肿瘤长径。复发按国际胸腺肿瘤协作组织(International Thymic Malignancies Interest Group, ITMIG)推荐定义[,术后随访资料完整的102例患者中,共9例复发,7例依据随访胸部计算机断层扫描(computed tomography, CT)或正电子发射型计算机断层显像(positron emission computed tomography, PET)/CT诊断,2例有复发病理确诊。

统计学方法

数据分析采用SPSS 20.0软件,计量资料由均数±标准差(Mean±SD)表示,采用t检验或单因素ANOVA分析;分类资料采用卡方检验;对无复发生存(freedom from recurrence, FFR)采用Kaplan-Meier及Cox回归分析。双侧P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义;图表制作采用graphpad prism 6.0软件。

结果

血清Cyfra 21-1与组织学类型

病例资料及不同组间血清Cyfra 21-1水平差异如表 1所示。术前血清Cyfra 21-1水平在胸腺癌中显著高于胸腺瘤[(3.93±3.84) vs (1.55±1.84), P < 0.001],胸腺瘤中各亚型间无统计学差异(P=0.364)(图 1A)。
1

不同临床病理分组中血清Cyfra 21-1水平的差异

Patient characteristics according to Cyfra 21-1 serum concentrations

CharacteristicnCyfra 21-1 (ng/mL, Mean±SD)P
  Tca: thymic carcinoma.
Age (yr)0.165
   < 53781.67±2.54
  ≥53812.22±2.36
Gender0.213
  Male922.16±3.03
  Female671.67±1.30
Histotype0.000
  Thymoma1321.55±1.84
  Tca*273.93±3.84
T stage0.000
  T1-T31511.67±2.14
  T486.23±5.18
N stage0.004
  N01511.89±2.30
  N1-N284.51±6.16
M stage0.306
  M01521.99±2.51
  M1a72.99±5.31
Tumor size (mm)0.091
   > 50872.25±3.06
  ≤50721.59±1.36
Resection status0.108
  R01471.86±2.33
  R1-R2123.05±3.65
1

不同组织学类型及T分期中血清Cyfra 21-1水平的差异。A:胸腺瘤各亚型间血清Cyfra 21-1水平无显著差异(P > 0.05),而胸腺癌血清Cyfra 21-1水平显著升高(P < 0.05);B:T1-T3期血清Cyfra 21-1水平无显著差异(P > 0.05),而T4期血清Cyfra 21-1水平显著升高(P < 0.001)。

Different serum Cyfra 21-1 levels in different histotypes and T stages. A: serum Cyfra 21-1 levels in subtypes of thymoma were not significantly different from each other (P > 0.05), while the serum Cyfra 21-1 level in thymic carcinoma was significantly higher (P < 0.05); B: serum Cyfra 21-1 levels in stage T1 to T3 were not significantly different from each other (P > 0.05), while the serum Cyfra 21-1 level in stage T4 was significantly higher (P < 0.001).

不同临床病理分组中血清Cyfra 21-1水平的差异 Patient characteristics according to Cyfra 21-1 serum concentrations 不同组织学类型及T分期中血清Cyfra 21-1水平的差异。A:胸腺瘤各亚型间血清Cyfra 21-1水平无显著差异(P > 0.05),而胸腺癌血清Cyfra 21-1水平显著升高(P < 0.05);B:T1-T3期血清Cyfra 21-1水平无显著差异(P > 0.05),而T4期血清Cyfra 21-1水平显著升高(P < 0.001)。 Different serum Cyfra 21-1 levels in different histotypes and T stages. A: serum Cyfra 21-1 levels in subtypes of thymoma were not significantly different from each other (P > 0.05), while the serum Cyfra 21-1 level in thymic carcinoma was significantly higher (P < 0.05); B: serum Cyfra 21-1 levels in stage T1 to T3 were not significantly different from each other (P > 0.05), while the serum Cyfra 21-1 level in stage T4 was significantly higher (P < 0.001).

血清Cyfra 21-1与肿瘤分期

按照AJCC/UICC第8版TNM分期,术前血清Cyfra21-1水平在T4期患者高于T1-T3期患者[(6.23±5.18) vs (1.67±2.14), P=0.000],在有淋巴结转移(N1-N2)患者高于无淋巴结转移(N0)患者[(4.51±6.16) vs (1.89±2.30), P=0.004],而与是否存在胸膜转移无关[(2.99±5.31) vs (1.99±2.51), P=0.306](图 1B)。

术前血清Cyfra 21-1关于复发状态的受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC曲线)

作关于术前血清Cyfra 21-1的ROC曲线,得到曲线下面积(area under curve, AUC)为0.778±0.078,P < 0.05(图 2A)。取Cyfra 21-1值为1.66 ng/mL时,约登指数最大。此时敏感度为0.889(8/9),特异度为0.677(63/93),阳性预测值(positive predictive value, PPV)为0.211(8/38),阴性预测值(negative predictive value, NPV)为0.984(63/64)。据此值将患者分为高Cyfra 21-1组(血清Cyfra 21-1≥1.66 ng/mL)和低Cyfra 21-1组(血清Cyfra 21-1 < 1.66 ng/mL)。
2

术前及术后血清Cyfra 21-1的ROC曲线。A:术前血清Cyfra 21-1的ROC曲线。曲线下面积为0.778±0.074(P=0.006)。当取1.66 ng/mL为cutoff值时,敏感性为0.889,特异性为0.677;B:术后血清Cyfra 21-1的ROC曲线。曲线下面积为0.804±0.097(P=0.003)。当取2.66 ng/mL为cutoff值时,敏感性为0.667,特异性为0.925。

ROC curve about pre-operative and post-operative Cyfra 21-1 serum concentration. A: ROC curve about pre-operative Cyfra 21-1 serum concentration. The AUC was 0.778±0.074 (P=0.006). 1.66 ng/mL was defined as the cut-off value when the sensitivity was 0.889 and the specificity was 0.677; B: ROC curve about post-operative Cyfra 21-1 serum concentration. The AUC was 0.804±0.097 (P=0.003). 2.66 ng/mL was defined as the cut-off value when the sensitivity was 0.667 and the specificity was 0.925.

术前及术后血清Cyfra 21-1的ROC曲线。A:术前血清Cyfra 21-1的ROC曲线。曲线下面积为0.778±0.074(P=0.006)。当取1.66 ng/mL为cutoff值时,敏感性为0.889,特异性为0.677;B:术后血清Cyfra 21-1的ROC曲线。曲线下面积为0.804±0.097(P=0.003)。当取2.66 ng/mL为cutoff值时,敏感性为0.667,特异性为0.925。 ROC curve about pre-operative and post-operative Cyfra 21-1 serum concentration. A: ROC curve about pre-operative Cyfra 21-1 serum concentration. The AUC was 0.778±0.074 (P=0.006). 1.66 ng/mL was defined as the cut-off value when the sensitivity was 0.889 and the specificity was 0.677; B: ROC curve about post-operative Cyfra 21-1 serum concentration. The AUC was 0.804±0.097 (P=0.003). 2.66 ng/mL was defined as the cut-off value when the sensitivity was 0.667 and the specificity was 0.925.

血清Cyfra 21-1与术后随访

无复发的93例患者中,术后血清Cyfra 21-1水平与术前相仿(P=0.375)。亚组分析显示,术前血清Cyfra 21-1水平较高(≥1.66 ng/mL)的患者(n=30),其术后该值明显下降[(3.76±4.18) vs (1.90±0.77), P=0.020]。9例患者出现复发/转移,其中1例淋巴结转移,3例胸膜复发/转移,5例远处转移。其中4例患者复发前血清Cyfra 21-1高于临床正常值(5 ng/mL)。复发患者血清Cyfra 21-1水平显著高于无复发患者[(4.86±4.13) vs (1.59±0.73), P < 0.001]。

术后随访血清Cyfra 21-1关于复发状态的ROC曲线

作关于术后血清Cyfra 21-1的ROC曲线,得到AUC=0.804±0.097,P=0.003。取Cyfra 21-1值为2.66 ng/mL时,约登指数最大。此时敏感度为0.667(6/9),特异度为0.925(86/93),PPV为0.462,NPV为0.966(图 2B)。

对102例术后随访患者(中位随访时间28.1个月)的复发状态进行Kaplan-Meier分析

结果显示,3年无复发率(recurrence free rate, FFR)在组织学类型(thymoma vs tca, 96.5% vs 71.6%, P < 0.001)、手术切除状态(R0 vs R1-R2, 94.9% vs 50.0%, P=0.001)及血清Cyfra 21-1水平(low vs high, 97.9% vs 79.0%, P=0.001)均有显著差异(表 2、图 3)。
2

3年无复发率的Kaplan-Meier分析

Kaplan-Meier analyses of 3-year FFR

HistotypeResection statusCyfra 21-1a
ThymomaTcaR0R1+R2HighLow
  aMedian Cyfra 21-1 (1.66 ng/mL) was used to group patients into high and low Cyfra 21-1 cohorts.
FFR (3-year)96.571.694.950.079.097.9
P0.0000.0000.001
3

组织学类型、手术切除状态、血清Cyfra 21-1水平对于累积3年无复发率的影响。A:胸腺瘤累积3年无复发率高于胸腺癌(96.5% vs 71.6%, P < 0.001);B:完整切除组累积3年无复发率高于非完整切除组(94.9% vs 50.0%, P < 0.001);C:高Cyfra 21-1组累积3年无复发率低于低Cyfra 21-1组(97.9% vs 79.0%,P=0.001)。

Prognostic values of histotype, resection status and Cyfra 21-1 were assessed about FFR. A: 3-year FFR in thymoma group was significantly higher than that in thymic carcinoma group (96.5% vs 71.6%, P < 0.001); B: 3-year FFR in R0 group was significantly higher than that in R1-2 group (94.9% vs 50.0%, P < 0.001); C: 3-year FFR in high Cyfra 21-1 group was significantly lower than that in low Cyfra 21-1 group (97.9% vs 79.0%, P=0.001).

3年无复发率的Kaplan-Meier分析 Kaplan-Meier analyses of 3-year FFR 组织学类型、手术切除状态、血清Cyfra 21-1水平对于累积3年无复发率的影响。A:胸腺瘤累积3年无复发率高于胸腺癌(96.5% vs 71.6%, P < 0.001);B:完整切除组累积3年无复发率高于非完整切除组(94.9% vs 50.0%, P < 0.001);C:高Cyfra 21-1组累积3年无复发率低于低Cyfra 21-1组(97.9% vs 79.0%,P=0.001)。 Prognostic values of histotype, resection status and Cyfra 21-1 were assessed about FFR. A: 3-year FFR in thymoma group was significantly higher than that in thymic carcinoma group (96.5% vs 71.6%, P < 0.001); B: 3-year FFR in R0 group was significantly higher than that in R1-2 group (94.9% vs 50.0%, P < 0.001); C: 3-year FFR in high Cyfra 21-1 group was significantly lower than that in low Cyfra 21-1 group (97.9% vs 79.0%, P=0.001).

纳入患者年龄、性别、肿瘤长径对随访患者复发状态进行Cox回归分析

结果如表 3所示。在单因素Cox回归分析中,组织学类型(Tca)、手术切除状态(R1-R2)、术前血清Cyfra 21-1水平(high)、肿瘤T分期(T4)、存在淋巴结转移(N1-N2)均为术后复发的危险因素。经多因素分析后,仅组织学类型(Tca)和手术切除状态(R1-R2)为胸腺肿瘤患者术后复发的独立危险因素(P值分别为0.049及0.005)。
3

单因素及多因素Cox回归分析

Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses

Univariable modelMultivariable model
HRP95%CIHRP95%CI
LowerUpperLowerUpper
  aMedian Cyfra 21-1 (1.66 ng/mL) was used to group patients into high and low Cyfra 21-1 cohorts.
Age (continues)1.0320.3100.9711.097
Gender (male vs female)0.9620.9550.2583.587
Tumor size (continues)1.1520.3000.8811.507
Histotype (thymoma vs tca)0.0690.0010.0140.3320.0870.0490.0080.989
Resection status (R0 vs R1-R2)0.0610.0000.0160.2320.0340.0050.0030.364
Cyfra 21-1a (low vs high)0.0640.0100.0080.5140.1570.1080.0161.498
T stage (T1-T3 vs T4)0.0620.0000.0160.2363.9490.2940.30451.22
N stage (N0 vs N1-N2)0.1710.0300.0350.8400.1740.0800.0251.231
M stage (M0 vs M1a)0.3300.2980.0412.663
单因素及多因素Cox回归分析 Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses

讨论

细胞角蛋白19是构成细胞的酸性蛋白之一,广泛分布于正常上皮细胞的胞浆中。细胞癌变时,细胞角蛋白19经由蛋白酶降解或细胞凋亡降解成片段,其中之一因能结合两种单抗(KS19.1和BM19.21)而被命名为Cyfra 21-1。在多种肿瘤中均有不同程度的Cyfra 21-1升高。在非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)患者中,Cyfra 21-1作为诊断、治疗及预后监测的价值被越来越多的研究所肯定。也有学者将其应用于原发性肝癌、胆管癌、膀胱癌、食管癌等多种肿瘤中并取得了不错的研究成果。 目前在胸腺肿瘤领域尚无特异性的肿瘤标志物,血清Cyfra 21-1仅见个案报道。本研究回顾性分析了上海市胸科医院的159例胸腺肿瘤患者,发现在胸腺癌患者中,术前血清Cyfra 21-1水平显著高于其他患者,且在T4期患者和无法R0切除的患者中,血清Cyfra 21-1水平亦表现为高于其他患者,这些都提示,在胸腺肿瘤分期的术前评估中,除影像学资料[胸部CT、胸部磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI)、PET/CT等]以外,血清Cyfra 21-1亦可作为参考指标之一。血清Cyfra 21-1的升高,可能提示了肿瘤分期较晚、肿瘤恶性程度较高以及无法R0切除的可能性较大。最终经由多因素Cox回归分析,肿瘤组织学类型及手术切除状态是患者术后复发的独立危险因素,这与国际上的报道相符。目前较为明确的胸腺肿瘤患者预后的三大独立危险因素中[,肿瘤分期及组织学类型在患者就诊时已固定,因此当影像学(如胸部CT/MRI等)及血清学(如Cyfra 21-1等)检查提示肿瘤无法完整切除的可能性较大时,可考虑行术前诱导治疗,以期通过诱导治疗获得降期,提高手术完整切除的可能性,使此类患者能从中获益[。 在随访无复发的患者中,术前血清Cyfra 21-1水平较高者,术后Cyfra 21-1下降较为显著。这可能是由于肿瘤切除后,肿瘤负荷的减轻使得Cyfra 21-1的生成减少。 除此之外,本研究发现当术前血清Cyfra 21-1≥1.66 ng/mL时,其对患者随访过程中的复发状态有一定指导意义。虽然该值的阳性预测值较低(0.211),但其阴性预测值较高(0.984),可借此猜测,术前血清Cyfra 21-1水平低于该值的患者术后复发的风险相对较小。进一步对患者随访过程中的血清Cyfra 21-1进行分析,将2.66 ng/mL作为cutoff值时,提示胸腺肿瘤术后复发的敏感度为0.667,特异度为0.925,阳性预测值为0.462,阴性预测值为0.966。这提示我们,如果在随访过程中,影像学上出现新发的可疑复发病灶而难以判断时,可以借助血清Cyfra 21-1值的高低,来辅助评估复发的可能性。因此我们认为,血清Cyfra 21-1的检测在一定程度上可作为胸部CT随访的补充,尤其当影像学上出现早期难以判断的可疑病灶时,血清Cyfra 21-1的值可为临床医生提供一定的帮助。 在现行的胸腺肿瘤随访指南中,欧洲胸外科协会(European Society of Thoracic Surgeons, ESTS)胸腺工作小组推荐胸腺肿瘤患者术后3年内每3个月-6个月行胸部CT随访,术后第4年开始每年行一次胸部CT检查,终生复查。相对应地,ITMIG建议,术后5年内每年行一次胸部CT检查,随后改成每年一次的胸部CT/胸部X线交替检查,直至术后第11年,之后可以终生以胸部X线复查。另外,局部晚期(Ⅲ期、Ⅳa期)、胸腺癌、非R0切除或合并有其他高危因素的患者建议术后3年内每半年胸部CT随访[。基于此,我们建议可将血清Cyfra 21-1的检测加入到术后复查中,提高复发患者的检出率,及时干预,以期改善复发患者的预后。 本研究具有一定的局限性。研究对象的选取上,经过诱导治疗后再手术的患者未予纳入,这是出于对诱导治疗可能改变肿瘤分期造成偏倚的考虑。其次,本研究为回顾性研究,难以避免地会产生选择偏倚及信息偏倚。加之单中心、罕见病的限制,本研究结果在其他中心及地区的应用效果仍需进一步验证。另外,因胸腺肿瘤相对惰性,研究周期长于其他恶性肿瘤,本研究随访时间相对较短,可能不能很好地代表其肿瘤学特性,并且在随访期间,未出现死亡病例,因此仅仅分析了FFR,而无法对OS进行相应的分析,这也是接下来的工作中需要努力的方向之一。 综上所述,治疗前患者血清Cyfra 21-1水平较高,有助于提示肿瘤分期较晚、肿瘤恶性程度较高,或可提示术后复发的风险升高。故当术前影像学(如胸部CT/MRI等)及血清学(如Cyfra 21-1等)检查提示肿瘤无法完整切除的可能性较大时,可考虑行术前诱导治疗,以期通过诱导治疗获得降期,提高手术完整切除的可能性,使此类患者能从中获益。而在术后随访过程中,除ESTS[及ITMIG[推荐的随访方案外,可以考虑加入血清Cyfra 21-1的监测,将可能有助于提高复发患者的检出率,及时干预,改善患者预后。
  10 in total

Review 1.  Management of thymic tumors-consensus based on the Chinese Alliance for Research in Thymomas Multi-institutional retrospective studies.

Authors:  Wentao Fang; Jianhua Fu; Yi Shen; Yucheng Wei; Lijie Tan; Peng Zhang; Yongtao Han; Chun Chen; Renquan Zhang; Yin Li; Keneng Chen; Hezhong Chen; Yongyu Liu; Youbing Cui; Yun Wang; Liewen Pang; Zhentao Yu; Xinming Zhou; Yangchun Liu; Gang Chen
Journal:  J Thorac Dis       Date:  2016-04       Impact factor: 2.895

2.  Tumours of the thymus: a cohort study of prognostic factors from the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons database.

Authors:  Enrico Ruffini; Frank Detterbeck; Dirk Van Raemdonck; Gaetano Rocco; Pascal Thomas; Walter Weder; Alessandro Brunelli; Andrea Evangelista; Federico Venuta
Journal:  Eur J Cardiothorac Surg       Date:  2014-01-30       Impact factor: 4.191

Review 3.  Epidemiology of thymoma and associated malignancies.

Authors:  Eric A Engels
Journal:  J Thorac Oncol       Date:  2010-10       Impact factor: 15.609

4.  Therapy for thymic epithelial tumors: a clinical study of 1,320 patients from Japan.

Authors:  Kazuya Kondo; Yasumasa Monden
Journal:  Ann Thorac Surg       Date:  2003-09       Impact factor: 4.330

5.  Thymic epithelial tumours: a population-based study of the incidence, diagnostic procedures and therapy.

Authors:  Wouter K de Jong; Johannes L G Blaauwgeers; Michael Schaapveld; Wim Timens; Theo J Klinkenberg; Harry J M Groen
Journal:  Eur J Cancer       Date:  2008-01       Impact factor: 9.162

6.  WHO histologic classification is a prognostic indicator in thymoma.

Authors:  Kazuya Kondo; Kiyoshi Yoshizawa; Masaru Tsuyuguchi; Suguru Kimura; Masayuki Sumitomo; Junji Morita; Takanori Miyoshi; Shoji Sakiyama; Kiyoshi Mukai; Yasumasa Monden
Journal:  Ann Thorac Surg       Date:  2004-04       Impact factor: 4.330

7.  Preoperative induction therapy for locally advanced thymic tumors: a retrospective analysis using the ChART database.

Authors:  Yucheng Wei; Zhitao Gu; Yi Shen; Jianhua Fu; Liejie Tan; Peng Zhang; Yongtao Han; Chun Chen; Renquan Zhang; Yin Li; Keneng Chen; Hezhong Chen; Yongyu Liu; Youbing Cui; Yun Wang; Liewen Pang; Zhentao Yu; Xinming Zhou; Yangchun Liu; Yuan Liu; Wentao Fang
Journal:  J Thorac Dis       Date:  2016-04       Impact factor: 2.895

Review 8.  The management of thymoma: a systematic review and practice guideline.

Authors:  Conrad B Falkson; Andrea Bezjak; Gail Darling; Richard Gregg; Richard Malthaner; Donna E Maziak; Edward Yu; Christopher A Smith; Sheila McNair; Yee C Ung; William K Evans
Journal:  J Thorac Oncol       Date:  2009-07       Impact factor: 15.609

9.  Long-term survival and prognostic factors in thymic epithelial tumours.

Authors:  Federico Rea; Giuseppe Marulli; Rodolfo Girardi; Luigi Bortolotti; Adolfo Favaretto; Alessandra Galligioni; Francesco Sartori
Journal:  Eur J Cardiothorac Surg       Date:  2004-08       Impact factor: 4.191

Review 10.  [Standard outcome measures for thymic malignancies].

Authors:  James Huang; Frank C Detterbeck; Zuoheng Wang; Patrick J Loehrer
Journal:  Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi       Date:  2014-02
  10 in total

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