Getting into shape: the mechanics behind plant morphogenesis.

The process of shape change in cells and tissues inevitably involves the modification of structural elements, therefore it is necessary to integrate mechanics with biochemistry to develop a full understanding of morphogenesis. Here, we discuss recent findings on the role of biomechanics and biochemical processes in plant cell growth and development. In particular, we focus on how the plant cytoskeleton components, which are known to regulate morphogenesis, are influenced by biomechanical stress. We also discuss new insights into the role that pectin plays in biomechanics and morphogenesis. Using the jigsaw-shaped pavement cells of the leaf as a case study, we review new findings on the biomechanics behind the morphogenesis of these intricately-shaped cell types. Finally, we summarize important quantitative techniques that has allowed for the testing and the generation of hypotheses that link biomechanics to morphogenesis.