Characterization of mutations conferring streptomycin resistance to multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Myanmar.

Numerous studies report that mutations of rpsL (encoding the S12 protein), rrs (encoding 16S rRNA) and gidB (encoding rRNA methyltransferase) are responsible for conferring resistance to streptomycin (STR), which is usually used in both multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treatments and re-treatments in Myanmar. The aim of this study was to explore the variation and frequency of mutations in rpsL, rrs and gidB in 141 STR-resistant MDR-TB isolates from Myanmar. Most isolates belonged to the Beijing genotype (105, 74.5%). Moreover, mutations in rpsL were identified in 69.5% (98/141) of the STR-resistant isolates, where the most prevalent (92.0%, 90/98) and significantly associated mutation with the Beijing genotype (P < 0.001) was Lys43Arg. Fifteen different mutations in gidB were found in 16.3% (23/141) of the isolates, and most of them were novel mutations. Moreover, based on our results, we suggest A276C nucleotide substitution in gidB as a phylogenetic marker for the Beijing family in Myanmar. Sequence analysis of rpsL, rrs and gidB with a sensitivity of 83.7% satisfactorily predicted STR resistance in Myanmar isolates. However, in 16.3% (23/141) of the isolates, none of the examined genes showed mutation. Hence, further studies are strongly recommended to elucidate other possible resistance mechanisms. The present findings may be useful in developing molecular STR susceptibility assays, which in turn could contribute to develop TB treatments and control strategies in Myanmar.