Source apportionment of soil PAHs and human health exposure risks quantification from sources: the Yulin National Energy and Chemical Industry Base, China as case study.

The Yulin National Energy and Chemical Industry Base is widely known for its rich mineral resources and multi-type fossil chemical industry, yet little is known regarding the level of contaminants. Therefore, this study investigates the spatial distributions and potential exposure risk of ubiquitous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination in this region and apportions PAHs source and source-oriented risk using two mathematical models, principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) model and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model coupling human health exposure risk. Results showed that ∑16PAHs concentrations ranged from 110 to 4934 μg/kg dw in 38 soil sampling sites. Compared with PCA-MLR model, PMF model is preferred method for source apportionment. Source apportionment results derived from PMF model indicated that the dominant contribution to ∑16PAHs was from coal-derived sources (34% for coke oven emissions and 33% coal combustion source), followed by wood combustion (22%) and vehicular emission (11%). The human health exposure risk of each source category was quantitatively calculated for three exposure routes by combining the total carcinogenic risk (Total-CR) and total hazard index (Total-HI) values with identified source contributions. The results showed that increased Total-CR was highly apportioned from coke oven emissions source and coal combustion was identified as the major cause of increased Total-HI, even though it was less contributed to ∑16PAHs. Moreover, the distributions of Total-CR and Total-HI apportionment for each source were significantly influenced by land utilization types.