Two-Dimensional Materials for Antimicrobial Applications: Graphene Materials and Beyond.

Since the "birth" of graphene in 2004, two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted unprecedented research interest from scientists and have stimulated numerous applications in various fields, such as electronic/optical devices, energy storage, catalysis, sensors, and biomedicine. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the antimicrobial applications of 2D materials, such as graphene materials (GMs), layered double hydroxides (LDHs), transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ), MXenes, black phosphorus (BP), and their derivatives. This review also correlates the unique physicochemical properties of 2D materials with their antimicrobial activities. Finally, some current challenges and future perspectives in this field are also presented.